Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

# Which of the following local anesthetic agent would be preferred in prolonged surgical procedure? A. Bupivacaine B. Cocaine C. Lignocaine D. Prilocaine # Which of the following is not a theory for local anesthetic action? A. Membrane expansion theory B. Calcium displacement theory C. Electrical potential theory D. Specific receptor theory E. None of the above

Equality, Justice and Equity The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.  (Aristotle) Justice cannot be for one side alone but must be for both.   (Eleanor Roosevelt) Ethics and equity and the principles of justice do not change with the calendar.  (DH Lawrence) The genesis of equality and equity as a concept of social justice arose from a history of evolving philosophies of societal organization and distribution of human rights, responsibilities and services.  The principles of equity and equality are always relevant in the context of distributive justice as well as variety of social justice issues. These principles all appeal the idea that fair treatment is a matter of giving people what they deserve. In general, people deserve to be rewarded for their effort and productivity, punished for their transgressions, treated as equal persons, and have their basic needs met. However, because these principles may come into conf...

# A blue nodular mass on the lateral border of the tongue is soft, smooth and blanches upon pressure. It is most likely to be: A. Lymphoma B. Hemangioma C. Epulis Fissuratum D. Epithelioma # Leutic glossitis can occur in connection with: A. Vitamin B deficiency B. Vitamin C deficiency C. Iron deficiency D. Syphilis

# Cretinism or dwarfism is caused due to hyposecretion of: A. Pituitary gland B. Thyroid gland C. Adrenal gland D. Thymus gland # Islet of Langherhans is a part of: A. Ductless part of Pancreas B. Exocrine part of Pancreas C. Gonads D. Pituitary

# Immunological function of blood is due to: A. Monocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Acidophils D. Neutrophils # Blood constitutes how much percent of body part ? A. 15 % B. 20 % C. 65 % D. 8 %

# Of the following four bacterial species, which is least likely to be found in plaque ? A. Actinomyces viscosus B. Streptococcus mutans C. Streptococcus salivarius D. Streptococcus sanguis # The common etiology of periodontitis is: A. Occlusal trauma B. Systemic factors C. Local irritating factors D. Hormonal defects # Predominant bacteria found in two days old plaque is: A. Streptococci B. Bacteroides C. Spirochaetes D. Actinomyces # In deep older plaque : A. Streptococci and Actinomyces are replaced by rod-like organism B. Streptococci are completely replaced by Neisseria C. Streptococci, Actinomyces and Veilonella remain prominent D. Actinomyces are completely replaced by Streptococci # Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is commonly associated with: A. Juvenile periodontitis B. Adult periodontitis C. Refractory periodontitis D. All of the above #...

2016 1. Enumerate the CSF findings and morphological changes in the brain in case of Tuberculosis meningitis. (2.5+2.5=5) 2. Write brief about diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma. (5) 2015 1. Enlist the indication and contraindication of lumbar puncture. (3+2=5) 2. Describe the microscopic features of astrocytoma in a child. (2) 3. Describe the brain abscess under following heading: (1.5x2=3) a. Gross and microscopic feature b. Complication 2014 1. Enumerate the degenerative disease of basal ganglia and brain stem. Write about the microscopy changes seen in Alzheimer’s disease. (1+4=5) 2. Mention the most important cause and age of occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Describe its location with the help of a well-labeled diagram. (1+1+3=5) 2013 1. Write briefly on sub-arachnoid hemorrhage with a labeled diagram of major vessels involved. (3+2=5) 2. Describe the morphologic features of Alzheimer’s disease. (5) 2012 1. Describe the microscopic picture of Alzhe...

2016 1. Explain the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (2) 2. What are the indications of CSF analysis? Explain the utility of measuring some biochemical parameters in CSF. (3) 2015 1. Mention the role of neurotransmitter in development of Schizophrenia. (5) 2014 1. Write the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (2) 2. Explain how biochemical examination of CSF helps in differential diagnosis of meningeal diseases. (3) 2013 1. Mention the possible biochemical events involved in Alzheimer disease. (3) 2. List four properties of acetylcholine receptor. (2) 2012 1. List the genetic culprit proteins leading to alzheimer’s disease. (3) 2. Write the biochemical pathway of epinephrine neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain. (2) 2011 1. Explain with a diagram the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (5) 2010 1. Mention the steps of epinephrine synthesis and breakdown. (2) 2. Explain the bioc...

2016 1. Describe three basic functions of cerebrospinal fluid. (6) 2. Write about the spatial and temporal summation of postsynaptic potentials. (1.5+1.5=3) 3. How is a generator potential similar and different from a receptor potential? (1.5+1.5=3) 4. What is referred pain? How is it useful in diagnosing internal disorder? (1+2=3) 5. List and explain the pathways that control the motor activity of distal muscles. (4) 6. What is dysdiadochokinesia? It is observed in lesions of which part of the brain and why? (2+1+2=5) 7. What is muscle spindle? Draw a well labeled diagram of it. Explain briefly the role of gamma motor neuron on it. (1+3+2=6) 8. List the centers in the categorical hemisphere that are concerned with language comprehension and explain their functions. (4) 9. What is a conditional reflex? Explain operant conditioning with its physiological significance. (2+4=6) 2015 1. Define adequate stimulus. Describe briefly the “Law of Specific Nerve Energies”. (5)...

2016 1. Draw a well labeled diagram of transverse section of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus. (5) 2. Write down the blood supply of internal capsule with suitable diagram. (5) 3. Mention the blood vessels forming the Circle of Willis along with diagram. (5) 4. Name the lobes of cerebral cortex. Name the functional areas & the functions related to any one lobe of cerebral cortex. (5)

Numbers in the brackets indicate marks allocated. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS SECTION - A 1. Define shock. Enumerate types of shock. Describe briefly the stages of Septic shock. (1+1+3=5) 2. Define Neoplasia. What are the modes of spread of malignant tumors? Give one example each. (1.5+2+1.5=5) 3. Define Edema. Mention the pathophysiologic causes of edema. (2+3=5) 4. Define thrombus. What are the predisposing factors of thrombus formation? Enumerate the fates of a thrombus. (1+2+2=5) 5. Differentiate between dystrophic and metastatic calcification. (5) 6. Write short notes on: (5+5=10) a. Type I hypersensitivity reaction b. Autosomal dominant disease SECTION - B 7. Write briefly on: (5*4=20) a. Gram's Staining b. Cultivation of Viruses c. Genetic transfer of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial population d. Common disinfectants used in  hospital 8. Draw a schematic diagram of Bacteriophage and mention its medical importance. (2.5+2.5=5) 9. Defin...

Equilibrium is the fundamental law of nature. Irrespective of the size and operating mechanism of any particular system of consideration, it is amazing to notice that it is in or at least it tries to be in equilibrium. In accordance with this simple rule, the stars stay at their specified place within a galaxy, planets stay on their orbits, the population of wild animals in an environment free from human interference remains nearly constant, the rivers flow, days and night occur, and the gases move from their higher concentration zones to those with their lower concentration,  which is fundamental for our survival as it is well known now that it is that simple process of diffusion of gases in alveoli which makes our life possible. Even within the cells and across them, the molecules diffuse from higher to lower concentration zones. From the smallest possible microcosm to the unimaginably vast universe, equilibrium tends to occur. As human beings realized, during the course of evolu...

1. Key: Spinal cord a. Identify the displayed specimen. (2) b. Draw a well-labeled diagram showing the blood supply of it. (5) c. Name the branches of typical spinal nerve. (2) 2. Key: Medulla Oblongata a. Identify the displayed specimen. (2) b. Name the cranial nerve arising from it. (4) c. Write about the formation of facial colliculus. (4) 3. Key: Fourth Ventricle a. Identify the flagged cavity. (2) b. Draw a well-labeled diagram showing the floor of it. (5) c. Write the three features of increased intracranial pressure. (3) 4. Key: Foramen Transversarium a. Identify the flagged foramen. (2) b. Name three structures passing from it. (3) c. Write about the ossification of typical cervical vertebra.  (5) 5. Key: Superior Orbital Fissure a. Identify the flagged foramen. (2) b. Name three nerves passing through its middle part. (3) c. Define diploic vein and name any three of it. (5) ...

# The feature that distinguishes Herpes Zoster from other Vesiculobullous eruptions is : A. Unilateral occurence B. Severe burning pain C. Prominent crusting vesicles D. Subepidermal bullous formation # A 3 year old child has a fever of 102 degrees F ; and following upper respiratory tract infection discrete vesicles and ulcers on the soft palate and pharynx are noted. The most probable diagnosis is : A. Herpangina B. Scarlet fever C.Rubella D. Herpetic gingivostomatitis

Regressive alterations are the group of degradative changes in the teeth which occur due to non-bacterial causes and result in wear and tear of the tooth structure with some impairment of function. Let's see some of the commonest regressive alterations of teeth one by one. Firstly, Attrition. Attrition is a form of regressive change in teeth characterized by wear of tooth substance or restoration as a result of the tooth to tooth contact during occlusion, mastication or parafunction. Mostly, attrition is an age-related physiological process whose rate and severity depends on several factors like diet quality, dentition, masticatory force and chewing habits. So, older individuals often exhibit more attrition than the younger ones. Attrition may also  be pathological which may be caused either due to: a. Abnormal occlusion - leading to traumatic contact during chewing which causes more tooth wear b. Premature extraction of teeth - which causes attrition of remaining teet...