Principal fibers of PDL

# All of these are principal fibers of Periodontal ligament except:
A. Dentoalveolar crest fibers
B. Apical fibers
C. Horizontal fibers
D. Transseptal fibers

The correct answer is:
 D. Transseptal fibers

Principal Fibers of Periodontal Ligament are:

-Alveolar crest,

-horizontal,

-oblique,

-apical, and

-interradicular fiber bundles

Boundaries of Pharynx

# Pharynx extends up to which cervical vertebra? [Nepal Medical Council, Dec 2019]
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6

The correct answer is D. C6

Pharynx
The word throat is used for the parts of the neck anterior to the vertebral column, especially the pharynx and the larynx. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system situated posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and posterior to the larynx. It is therefore divisible into nasal, oral, and laryngeal parts: the (1) nasopharynx, (2) oropharynx, and (3) laryngopharynx. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (around the C6 vertebral level), where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. Its superior aspect is related to the sphenoid and occipital bones and the posterior aspect to the prevertebral fascia and muscles as well as the upper six cervical vertebrae. The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube lined by mucous membrane.

Extension of Pharynx

# Pharynx extends up to which cervical vertebra? [Nepal Medical Council, Dec 2019]
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6

CLICK HERE FOR CORRECT ANSWER WITH EXPLANATION

Orthodontics - COMS, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur IV year BDS Send Up Exam 2019

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. TEACHING HOSPITAL BHARATPUR

          Dec-Jan 2019-2020

Level: IV BDS                                                                                                                            Exam: Send up
Subject: Orthodontics                                                                                                             Time: 2 hr. 30 mins.
Date: 6/11/2019                                                                                                                          Full marks: 50

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE

• Write brief, relevant and legible answers
• Illustrate your answer with well labeled diagrams wherever required. 
• All questions are compulsory. 

SECTION 'B' [25Marks]
1. Enumerate therapeutic methods of gaining space. Discuss in detail about the expansion in
orthodontics. [2+4=6]

2. Explain in detail about the biology associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Add short notes
of iatrogenic effects of inappropriate forces.  [2+3=5]

3. Classification of habits. Describe the etiology, clinical features, and management of tongue
thrusting habits.   [2+3=5]

4. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. Down's skeletal parameters
b. Kesling tooth positioner
c. Methods of studying growth

SECTION "C" [25 Marks]

5. 20-year male reported to the department with chief complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. Intra oral examination shows bilateral class II molar relation with overjet of 6mm. Cephalometric examination shows SNA angle 84 degrees and SNB 80 degrees.
[2+2+2 =6]
a. What is your diagnosis What are the investigations you advice?
b. How would you treat this case?
c. If the patient is growing than how do you manage this condition.

6. Enumerate the etiology of cleft lip and palate. Orthodontic management of cleft lip and palate [2+3=5]

7. What is myofunctional therapy Describe the mode of action of twin block appliance and how does it differ from a functional regulator. [2+3=5]

8. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. School of retention
b. Management of open bite
c. Corticotomy

Periodontics - COMS, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur IV year BDS Send Up Exam 2019

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. TEACHING HOSPITAL BHARATPUR

          Dec-Jan 2019-2020

Level: IV BDS                                                                                                                            Exam: Send up
Subject: Periodontics                                                                                                             Time: 2 hr. 30 mins.
Date: 6/11/2019                                                                                                                          Full marks: 50

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE

• Write brief, relevant and legible answers
• Illustrate your answer with well labeled diagrams wherever required. 
• All questions are compulsory. 

SECTION 'B' [25Marks]
1. Define gingiva. Describe different parts of the gingiva. Mention the name of various gingival fibers and blood supply of gingiva.    [1+3+2=6]

2. Write down the composition of calculus. Mention the important differences between supragingival and subgingival calculus. Highlight on the modes of attachment of calculus and its role in periodontal disease. [1+2+2=5]

3. A patient came with the chief complaint of progressive mobility of upper right lateral incisor since last six months. On clinical examination, there was grade II mobility of the tooth with three-degree positive fremitus test. [1+3+1=5]
a. What is your diagnosis & classify the condition?
b. What are the tissue responses seen in this case?
c.Write about possible radiographic changes in this case?

4. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a Local drug delivery
b. Halitosis
c. Resective osseous surgery

SECTION "C" [25 Marks]

5. A 28-year-old patient came with the chief complain of a progressive downward shift of gum exposing mandibular right central incisors. What is your differential diagnosis, investigations and
treatment plan for the case? [1+2+3=6]

6. Define Aggressive Periodontitis. Write down the causes of area-specific distribution of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (LAP). Highlight on the clinical features of LAP. [1+2+2=5]

7. Define Furcation Involvement (FI). What are the predisposing factors for Furcation involvement?
Write about different therapeutic modalities in the management of FI.  [1+1+3=5]

8. Write short notes on:  [3*3=9]

a. Host modulation therapy (HMT)
b. Chemical plaque control
c. Modified Widmann flap

Pedodontics COMS, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur IV year BDS Send Up Exam 2019

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. TEACHING HOSPITAL BHARATPUR

          Dec-Jan 2019-2020

Level: IV BDS                                                                                                                            Exam: Send up
Subject: Pedodontics                                                                                                             Time: 2 hr. 30 mins.
Date: 8/11/2019                                                                                                                          Full marks: 50

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE

• Write brief, relevant and legible answers
• Illustrate your answer with well labeled diagrams wherever required. 
• All questions are compulsory. 

SECTION 'B' [25Marks]
1. A 2 year old girl comes to the dental office with a chief complaint of discoloration of teeth in front tooth region. The child is Frankel's definitely negative. On examination, teeth 51, 52, 61 and 62
caries do not extend to the pulp.
a. Write the diagnosis and mention the stage of the problem.   [1]
b. What should be the preventive treatment plan for this dental problem? [2]
c. Write in detail how will you proceed with the decided treatment plan.  [3]

2. Write in detail about the clinical findings in Cleidoeranial dysplasia. Give the details of dental
management of patients.       [5]

3.Classify cleft lip and palate. Describe in detail the multidisciplinary approach to treatment planning of cleft lip and palate.   [5]

4. Write short notes on:  [3x3=9]
a. Air abrasion
b Tunnel preparation
C Compomer.

SECTION "C" [25 Marks]

5. Write in details about the concepts of operant conditioning child psychology theory and its dental
implications in a pediatric office.  [6]

6. Define preventive orthodontics. Write in details about the indications, contraindications, and construction of distal shoe space maintainer.      [5]

7. Write in detail about the planning of a pediatric dental clinic.      [5]
8. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]

• Dental Home
• Anticipatory guidance
• Recent advances in pit and fissure sealants

Oral Medicine and Radiology COMS, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur IV year BDS Send Up Exam 2019

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. TEACHING HOSPITAL BHARATPUR

          Dec-Jan 2019-2020

Level: IV BDS                                                                                                                            Exam: Send up

Subject: Oral Medicine                                                                                                              Time: 2 hr. 30 mins.
Date 4/11/2019                                                                                                                          Full marks: 50

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE

• Write brief, relevant and legible answers
• Illustrate your answer with a well labeled diagrams wherever required. 
• All questions are compulsory. 

SECTION 'B' [25Marks]

1.A 40 year old male patient visited the department with a chief complaint of pain and swelling in right side below the ear and behind the angle of the mandible. Patient gives a history of increased pain while eating food which subsides after meals. On clinical examination, there is pus discharge from a point in right buccal mucosa opposite to maxillary 2nd molar. 

Give the provisional diagnosis and discuss it in detail.               [2+4=6]

2. Define pain. Discuss in-detail about gate control theory.        [1+4=5]

3. Discuss in detail about radiotherapy. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of radiotherapy when compared with a surgical option.                                           [3+2=5]

4. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]

• Oral thrush
• Treatment of aphthous ulcers
• Corticosteroids in dentistry

SECTION "C" [25 Marks]

5. Discuss the image characteristics in detail.                              [6]
6. What is a bitewing radiograph? Give the advantages, disadvantages, indications, and uses of bitewing radiographs.      [1+4 =5]

7. Describe in detail the methods to reduce x-ray hazards.    [5]

8. Write short notes on :               [3x3=9]

• PA skull view
• Braking radiation
• Composition of fixing solution

Most common bone cancer:

# The most common bone cancer is (AlIMS 94, AIPG 99)
a) Osteosarcoma
b) Metastatic bone cancer
c) Multiple myeloma
d) Squamous cell carcinoma

The correct answer is: B. Metastatic bone cancer.

Metastatic cancers are most common cancers in bone. Multiple myeloma is the common primary bone tumor, whereas the common inherent bone cell tumor is osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma.

Bifid ribs and Falx Cerebri Calcification

# Bifid ribs, multiple radiolucent lesions of the jaws, multiple basal cell nevi and falx ceribri calcification are found in (Man 98, 97)
a) Basal cell nevus syndrome
b) Sturge weber syndrome
c) Horner syndrome
d) Hereditary internal polyposis

The correct answer is A. Basal cell nevus syndrome.

Basal cell nevus syndrome is also called as Gorlin Goltz syndrome.

Horner's syndrome is characterized by miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis over face due to interruption of sudomotor and vasomotor control.

Hereditary intestinal polyposis is seen in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

Most aggresive odontogenic tumor

# Which of the following tumors is most aggressive? (AIPG 91, AIIMS2004)
a) Ameloblastoma
b) Odontoma
c) Odontogenic myxoma
d) Fibrocarcinoma

The answer is C. Odontogenic myxoma

ODONTOGENIC MYXOMAS

Aggressive, intraosseous neoplasms derived from embryonic odontogenic mesenchyme probably arise from the dental papilla or follicular mesenchyme. Nearly all lesions are found in the tooth bearing areas of maxillary and mandibular bone.

Mandibular lesions are commonly found in the premolar-molar area. The lesions often produce multilocular radiolucency with a "soap bubble' or "honey comb" appearance in the bone.

Thin and extremely delicate septa of bone are often seen to course through the radiolucent area and produce a "spider- web" like or "tennis racket" like appearance.

 (Ref: Shafer's Textbook of oral pathology 7h ed., p 299)

Type II Diabetes Causes

# Obesity, genetic profile, and aging all contribute to the development of Type II diabetes. Of the following, which is the most important additive factor for these three conditions in the development of Type II diabetes?

A. elevated hepatic ketogenesis
B. elevated pancreatic glucagon secretion
C. impaired renal clearance of glucose
D. muscle resistance to insulin

Answer: D - Muscle resistance to insulin is the most important additive factor for these three conditions in the development of Type II diabetes. The progressive loss of skeletal muscle sensitivity to insulin leads to increased rates of visceral cell lipolysis and pancreatic beta-cell compensation.

Parasympathetic Cranial nerves

# # All of cranial nerve have parasympathetic outflow except :
A. 5th nerve
B. 7th nerve
C. 3rd neve
D. 9th nerve

The correct answer is A. 5th nerve

Cranial nerves having parasympathetic now are 3,7,9 and 10.

Preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in certain cranial nerve nuclei of the brain stem and in the grey matter of the second to fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord. Efferent fibres, which are myelinated, emerge from the CNS only in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and in the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic. 

The only cranial nerve which arises on the dorsal aspect   -       Trochlear

The cranial nerve with longest intracranial coarse              -        Abducent

The cranial nerve with longest coarse                                 -       Vagus

The cranial nerve involved in raised intracranial tension   -       Abducent nerve

Cranial nerve carrying parasympathetic fibres                      -       3,7,9,10

Commonest cranial nerve affected in spinal anesthesia     -       Abducent nerve

Cranial nerve involved in Bell's palsy                                 -       VII Nerve

Cranial nerve involved in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome             -       VII nerve

Cranial nerve arising from the pons                                    -     V, VI, VII, VII nerves

Pure sensory nerves                                                          -       1,2,8

Branchiomeric nerves                                                       -       5.7.9,10,11

Referred pain in Orofacial region:

# ___________most often refer pain to the temporal region,
while _________most often refer pain the ear.
A. Maxillary second premolars, mandibular molars
B. Maxillary molars, mandibular molars
C.  Maxillary second premolars, mandibular premolars
D. Maxillary molars, mandibular premolars

The correct answer is A. Maxillary second premolars, mandibular molars.

If careful diagnosis does not reveal the affected tooth, other teeth and related anatomic structures

become suspect. Pulpitis in one tooth may cause pain in other areas - the pain is referred.

Site of Pain Referral                             Pulp of Tooth Causing Pain

Forehead region                                    Maxillary incisors

Nasolabial area                                      Maxillary canines. premolars

Temporal region                                     Maxillary second premolars

Ear. angle of jaw, or posterior                 Mandibular molars

regions of neck

Mental region of mandible                        Mandibular incisors, canines. and premolars

Zygomatic, parietal, and occipital              Maxillary molars

regions of head

Opposing quadrant or to other                      Maxillary and mandibular molars

teeth in the same quadrant

Important: The nerve endings of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X are widely distributed within the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal (V) nerve. A profuse intermingling of these nerve fibers creates the potential for the referral of dental pain to many sites.

Orofacial pain can be the clinical manifestation of a variety of diseases involving the head and neck region. The cause of the pain must be differentiated between odontogenic and nonodontogenic.

Characteristics of nonodontogenic involvement:

• Episodic pain with pain-free remissions

• Trigger points

• Pain travels and crosses the midline of the face

• Pain that surfaces with increasing stress

• Pain that is seasonal or cyclic

• Pain accompanied by paresthesia

Hydrolysis of Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose

# Which of the following statements is TRUE? (MAN-95)
a) The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose
b) The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose
c) The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose
d) All of the above statements are true

The correct answer is A. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose

Carbohydrate	Products
Maltose	2 glucose units
Sucrose	1 glucose + 1 fructose
Lactose	Galactose + glucose
Starch	Water soluble amylose and a water soluble amylopectin
Inulin	Polymer of fructose

Chromic gut Suture vs Plain gut Suture

# Advantage of chromic gut over plain is:
A. Delayed resorption
B. Increased strength
C. Less irritation
D. Less tissue reaction

The correct answer is A. Delayed resorption.

• Chromic gut sutures consist of the plain gut that has been treated with chromium trioxide. This results in a delay in the absorption rate.

• Because retention of sutures beyond a few days is not recommended in endodontic surgery, the use of chromic gut sutures offers no advantage.

• Also, evidence indicates that plain gut is more biocompatible with oral soft tissues than is the chromic gut. The gut suture material is marketed in sterile packets containing isopropyl alcohol.

• When removed from the packet, the suture is hard and non-pliable because of its dehydration. Before using gut sutures should be hydrated by placing them into sterile, distilled water for 3 to 5 minutes.

• After hydration, the gut suture material will be smooth and pliable with manipulative properties similar to silk.

# Benzodiazepine antagonist is:

# Benzodiazepine antagonist is:
A. Flumazenil
B. Naloxone
C. Furazolidone
D. Dapsone

The correct answer is A. Flumazenil

Benzodiazepine act by enhancing presynaptic or postsynaptic inhibition through a specific receptor which is integral part of gabba receptor Cl-channel complex.

Flumazenil is a BZD analogue which has little intrinsic activity but it competes with BZDs as well as inverse agonists for BZD receptor and reverses their depressant or stimulant effects respectively. Flumazenil is the drug of choice for benzodiazepine overdose.

# To prevent sensitivity caused by acid etching and to protect pulp in deep cavities, which of the following should be used?

# To prevent sensitivity caused by acid etching and to protect pulp in deep cavities, which of the following should be used?
A. Calcium hydroxide liner
B. ZnO liner
C. Light cure GIC liner
D. Lining with varnish

The correct answer is A. calcium hydroxide liner

Deep caries excavation close to the pulp, which may result in either an undetected pulpal exposure or a visible pulpal exposure, should be covered with a calcium hydroxide liner that can stimulate formation of dentin bridges (reparative dentin) over the exposure.

For amalgam restorations, deep excavations not encroaching on the pulp should be covered with a glass-ionomer material that will contribute to thermal protection and provide mechanical protection from amalgam condensation forces at thicknesses of I to 1.5 mm or greater.

Bonding of Composite resin to tooth

# Bonding of composite resins to tooth structure is by: (KAR-01)
a) Covalent bond
b) Ionic bond
c) Mechanical
d) Vander waal forces

The correct answer is C. Mechanical

Bonding of composites to tooth structure occurs by micromechanical retention. Acid etching creates micro porosities into which the resin penetrates resulting in resin tag formation. These tags penetrate to a depth of 5 - 10 µm but their lengths are dependent on the enamel etching time.

Advantages of Dental Composite Resins:

# The main advantage of composites over unfilled direct filling resin is their: (KAR-97)
a) Higher solubility in saliva
b) Lower modulus of elasticity
c) Esthetic excellence
d) Lower thermal co-efficient of expansion

The correct answer is D. Lower coefficient of thermal expansion.

Advantages of composites over unfilled resins:

• Lower coefficient of thermal expansion
• Low polymerization shrinkage
• Low water absorption
• High abrasive resistance

Disadvantages of composites:

• Less color stability
• Less smooth finish than unfilled resins

Hyperplastic Tissue Management in Complete Dentures

# The most common reason why hyperplastic tissue is removed during the construction of a complete denture is that:
a) It interferes with the arrangement of the teeth
b) It is unaesthetic to construct a denture on a hyperplastic tissue
c) It interferes with the stability of the denture
d) All of the above

The correct answer is C. It interferes with the stability of the denture.

The most important reason for the treatment of hyperplastic tissue before the construction of complete or removable partial dentures is to provide a firm, stable base for the denture. 

Functional cusp reduction

# The amount of functional cusp reduction required for metal-ceramic crown is -
a) 1.0 - 2.5 mm
b) 1.5 - 2.0 mm
c) 2.0 - 2.25 mm
d) 1.85 - 2.10 mm

The correct answer is B. 1.5 -2.0 mm. 

Metal ceramic restorations require a 1.5 - 2 mm reduction in the functional cusp and 1.0 - 1.5mm reduction in the non-functional cusp. 

Gutta percha removal

# Best method to remove gutta-percha in retreatment procedures:
A. Hand instrumentation
B. Automated instrumentation
C. Rotatory instruments
D. Ultrasonic instruments

The correct answer is A. Hand instrumentation

The coronal portion of gutta-percha obturations should always be drilled out, preferably by means of endodontic drills such as the Gates-Glidden or Peeso. Gutta-percha may be dissolved (solvent technique) or removed in its solid form (Solid gutta-percha techniques). Dissolving avoids the use of excessive force in the negotiating of gutta-percha-obturated canals.

Extrusion of solvent into the periapical tissues should be prevented.

Solvents of gutta-percha: Gutta-percha is soluble in chloroform, ethyl chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, xylene, eucalyptol oil, halothane, and rectified white turpentine.

Retreatment of solid objects other than gutta-percha, either a silver point or a fragment of an instrument or post, cannot be easily grasped and pulled out. A readily accessible solid object may be withdrawn from the canal by a variety of instruments, including Stieglitz or Perry pliers, a modified Castroviejos needle holder, or a Caulfield silver point extractor. Ultrasonic Vibration, bypassing with hand instruments and Intermittent irrigation, alternating sodium hypochlorite with hydrogen peroxide or RC-Prep, may float the object coronally through the effervescence they create.

Special grasping devices. The Masserann technique- Masserann and alternative extractors. The Masserann kit consists of an extractor into which the object to be retrieved is locked. An assortment of end-cutting trepan burs are used in anticlockwise rotation, to provide access for the extractor. 

Endodontic retreatment

# Endodontic retreatment:
A. Is as technically challenging as original treatment
B. Has a poorer prognosis than original treatment
C. Is performed only on endodontic failures
D. Has different objectives than primary treatment

The correct answer is B. has a poorer prognosis than the original treatment

Post and Core in Endodontics

# In restoring an endodontically treated tooth for post core, an absolute minimum of apical fill of gutta percha to be left over to prevent leakage is:
A. 1 mm
B. 2 mm
C. 3 mm
D. 4 mm

The correct answer is D. 4mm

Since there is greater leakage when only 2-3 mm of Gutta-percha is present, 4-5 mm should be retained apically to ensure an adequate seal. Although studies indicate that 4 mm produce an adequate seal, stopping precisely at 4 mm is difficult, and radiographic angulation errors could lead to retention of less than 4 mm. Therefore, 5 mm of gutta-percha should be retained apically. 

Concentration of EDTA used during BMP:

# Concentration of EDTA used during biomechanical preparation (BMP) is:
A. 20% at pH 7.4
B. 15% at pH 5.0
C. 15% at pH 7.3
D. 25% at pH 7.4

The correct answer is C. 15% at pH 7.3

EDTA has a property of chelate formation with calcium salts. Disodium salt of EDTA is used in endodontic therapy for dissolving pulp stones. 

Length of a Peeso reamer is:

# Length of a Peeso reamer is:
A. 28-32 mm
B. 30-35 mm
C. 35-40 mm
D. 40-45 mm

The correct answer is A. 28-32 mm

- Standard Peeso reamer is of 32 mm length.

- Short Peeso reamer is of 28 mm length.

Cardiac glycosides:

# Which of the following is called cardiac glycosides?
A. Digitalin
B. Belladonna
C. Reserpine
D. Colchicum

Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and increase its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used.

Cardiac glycosides can be more specifically categorized based on the plant they are derived from, as in the following list. For example, cardenolides have been primarily derived from the foxglove plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata, while bufadienolides have been derived from the venom of the cane toad Bufo marinus, from which they receive the “bufo” portion of their name.

Cardiac glycosides have long served as the main medical treatment to congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia, due to their effects of increasing the force of muscle contraction while reducing heart rate. Heart failure is characterized by an inability to pump enough blood to support the body, possibly due to a decrease in the volume of the blood or its contractile force. Treatments for the condition thus focus on lowering blood pressure, so that the heart does not have to exert as much force to pump the blood, or directly increasing the heart's contractile force, so that the heart can overcome the higher blood pressure. Cardiac glycosides, such as the commonly used digoxin and digitoxin, deal with the latter, due to their positive inotropic activity. On the other hand, cardiac arrhythmia are changes in heart rate, whether faster (tachycardia) or slower (bradycardia). Medicinal treatments for this condition work primarily to counteract tachycardia or atrial fibrillation by slowing down heart rate, as done by cardiac glycosides.

Nevertheless, due to questions of toxicity and dosage, cardiac glycosides have been replaced with synthetic drugs such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers and are no longer used as the primary medical treatment for such conditions. Depending on the severity of the condition, though, they may still be used in conjunction with other treatments.

Middle meningeal artery:

# The middle meningeal artery: (MAN -95)
a) Enters the skull through the foramen ovale
b) Supplies the superolateral surface of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere
c) Runs a subdural course within the cranial cavity
d) Gives an interior branch which runs deep to the pterion

The correct answer is D. Gives an interior branch which runs deep to the pterion

The middle meningeal artery enters the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum. In middle cranial fossa, it has an extradural course and divides into anterior frontal branch and posterior parietal branch.

The frontal branch is closely related to the motor area of the cerebral cortex. It is the commonest source of extradural hemorrhage and results in hemiplegia of the opposite side. The parietal branch is closely related to the cerebrum and its involvement result in contralateral deafness. 

AIIMS MDS MCQs Nov 2007 Part 1 with Answers

# Which one of the following is a junction of frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone?
 A. Pterion
 B. Lambda
 C. Vertex
 D. Inion

# A non synovial joint with dense connective tissue between two bony surfaces is termed as:
 A. Synchondrosis
 B. Syndesmosis
 C. Symphysis
 D. Suture

ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 5th Year BDS FINAL EXAMINATION, MARCH 2019, BPKIHS

14th MARCH 2019

B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

5th year BDS

FINAL EXAMINATION, MARCH 2019

Paper - IV 

(ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)

Time - 2 Hours

 Total Marks: 80

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

SECTION - 'A'

Maximum Marks - 40

1. Explain the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis of jaws.   (4)

2. Discuss the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia and enlist different treatment options. (2+3=5)

3. Enlist FOUR clinical features of zygomatic arch fracture. Add a note on Gillies temporal approach to indirect reduction. (2+3=5)

4. Enlist the clinical test to diagnose oro-antral communication and add a note on management of oroantral communication. (2+4=6)

5. Discuss briefly on different types of dislocation and enumerate the surgical procedures for the management of chronic recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation . (3+3=6)

6. Mention the difference between ridge extension and ridge augmentation procedure based on their indication. Describe any one ridge extension procedure. (1+4=5)

7. With the help of a well labeled diagram, discuss WAR lines. (4)

8. Mention different theories of the mechanism of action of local anesthetic and explain the most accepted theory. (2+3=5)

SECTION 'B'

MODIFIED ESSAY QUESTIONS

Maximum Marks: 40

I. A 50-year-old male weighing 70 kg, presented to the maxillofacial clinic for extraction of grossly decayed 16. He also gave a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, which was done at BPKIHS 3 years back.
Q.1 Will this patient require antibiotic prophylaxis prior to extraction?     1
Q.2 Enlist the cardiac conditions requiring antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis as per the latest guidelines.     4
Q.3 Calculate the maximum number of cartridges of lignocaine with vasoconstrictor that is recommended for this patient.    5
Q.4 Enlist contraindications for exodontia.    5

II. A 45-year-old male presented to the OMFS department with a complaint of swelling over the right side of face from the last 6 months. There is no history of trauma or toothache.
On examination there .was a bony hard swelling over the right angle region with buccal and lingual cortices expansion with clinically missing 48.

OPG of the patient revealed a multilocular radiolucent area extending from distal of 47 till the ramus of the mandible with a radio-opaque tooth-like structure resembling 48 on the inferior aspect of the radiolucent lesion.

Aspiration from the lesion revealed a creamy white viscoid fluid.

Q.5 Enlist the differential diagnosis for this case.    (1)
Q.6 Formulate a provisional diagnosis and briefly discuss about findings to support the diagnosis.   (1+2=3)
Q.7 Discuss the different treatment options for a jaw cyst and its indications.      (3+3=6)
Q.8 Name the agents used to reduce the recurrence. Write down its composition and advantages. (1+2+2-5)

III. 31-year-old Mr. Rupesh visited the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with a complaint of reduced mouth opening for 3 days. He also reports having a toothache in right lower wisdom tooth which was on and off from the last 6 months which used to regress on medications.

On examination, there was no appreciable facial swelling extra orally. However, he had significant trismus to make intraoral examinations impossible. With little to be seen intra-orally the uvula seemed to be pushed towards the left side.

OPG was taken which revealed an impacted mesioangularly impacted 48. No other abnormalities were detected in the OPG.
Q.9 Mention your provisional diagnosis for this case.    2
Q.10 Enlist the principles for the management of facial space infection.    5
Q.11 Enlist the life-threatening complication if it is untreated.     3

***

Moth eaten appearance is seen in all except:

# Moth eaten appearance is seen in all except:
A. Osteomyelitis
B. Hemorrhagic cyst
C. OKC
D. Osteosarcoma

The correct answer is C. OKC

'Moth eaten appearance' is seen in lesions of bone which shows lytic activity. 

Seen in:

- Osteomyelitis - Acute suppurative and chronic both

- Osteosarcoma

- Osteoradionecrosis

- Ewing Sarcoma

- Langerhans cell histiocytosis

- Hemorrhagic cyst

Radiolucency between maxillary central incisors

# A radiolucency seen between the maxillary central incisors is most commonly due to:
A. Periapical cyst
B. Nasopalatine cyst
C. Globulomaxillary cyst
D. Nasoalveolar cyst

The correct answer is B. Nasopalatine cyst

Nasopalatine cyst (Incisive canal cyst) - Most common fissural cyst, usually asymptomatic, may complain of tender swelling of palate. Radiographic characteristics- well demarcated round, oval or heart shaped radiolucency between and above maxillary central incisors; rarely just lateral to the midline; lesion crosses midline, teeth are vital. 

Dentin Desensitizing Agent

# The dentin desensitizing agents that acts by precipitating proteins in dentinal tubular fluid is: (MHCET 2014)
A. Strontium chloride
B. Potassium oxalate
C. Fluoride
D. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

The correct answer is A. Strontium chloride.

After professional diagnosis, dentinal hypersensitivity can be treated simply and inexpensively by home use of desensitizing dentifrices.

Strontium Chloride Dentifrices

Ten percent strontium chloride desensitizing dentifrices are found effective in relieving the pain of tooth hypersensitivity.

Potassium Nitrate Dentifrices

Five percent potassium nitrate dentifrices are found to alleviate pain related to tooth hypersensitivity.

Fluoride Dentifrices

Sodium monofluorophosphates dentifrices are effective mode of treating tooth hypersensitivity.

Strontium chloride is the most important constituent in home care dentifrices intended to be used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Topical application of concentrated strontium chloride on an abraded dentin produces a deposit of strontium that penetrates dentin to a depth of approximately 10-20 micrometers and extend into dentinal tubules. 

Ref: Textbook of OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, Nisha Garg, 3rd Edition, Page 445

Direct Pulp Capping

# Which of the following are true about direct pulp capping?
A. Mechanically exposed teeth have a greater success rate than carious exposures
B. Final restorative materials do not affect success
C. Generally, individual teeth involved in a fixed prosthesis are candidates for direct pulp capping
D. All of the above

The correct answer is A.  Mechanically exposed teeth have greater success rate than carious exposures.

What is Fluoride bomb?

# The ‘FLUORIDE BOMBS’ is related to:
A. A fluoride  capsule with high ppm of fluoride varnish
B. A hypoplastic lesion on tooth seen in fluorosis areas
C. Undiagnosed hidden caries
D. Procedure to treat rampant caries

The correct answer is C. Undiagnosed hidden caries.

• Occult or hidden caries is used to describe such lesion which is not clinically diagnosed but detected only on radiographs.
• Occult lesions are seen with low caries rate which is suggestive of increased fluoride exposure.
• It is believed that increased fluoride exposure encourages remineralization and slows down the progress of the caries in the pit and fissure enamel while the cavitation continues in dentin, and the lesions become masked by a relatively intact enamel surface.
• These hidden lesions are called 'fluoride bombs' or fluoride syndrome.

# Calcium hydroxide is advocated as an inter appointment intracanal medication because of

# Calcium hydroxide is advocated as an inter appointment intracanal medication because of:
A. Its ability to dissolve necrotic tissue
B. Its antimicrobial property
C. Its ability to stimulate hard tissue formation
D. Its powerful bleaching effect

The correct  answer is B. Its antimicrobial property. 

Most studies report culture reversals during the interappointment period when active antibacterial dressing is not used in the root-canal system between appointments. The reversals are due to regrowth of residual bacteria or recontamination by bacterial leakage around the access cavity

dressing. 

Classical and well-controlled studies (Sundqvist’s group) evaluated the effect of various root-canal treatment procedures on the microbiota both qualitatively and quantitatively. They tested the effect of mechanical preparation, saline or sodium hypochlorite irrigation (0.5%, 5.0%, 5.0% with EDTA), the addition of ultrasonic activation to the irrigation and calcium hydroxide dressing; each addition to the chemical canal preparation improved the antibacterial effect, reducing residual bacteria further. They found the antibacterial action to reduce the number of bacteria from an initial range of 10^2–10^8 cells to 10^2–10^3 fewer cells after initial debridement, further reducing down to no recoverable cells (from the prepared part of the root-canal system) after interappointment dressing with calcium hydroxide.

Reference: Endodontics, 4th Edition, Kishor Gulabivala, Yuan-Ling Ng, Page no. 83

Initial dissolution of Tooth Substance by Acid

# In the carious process, the initial dissolution of the tooth substance by acid takes place in which of the following place?
A. Below the dentin Surface
B. Below the enamel surface
C. On the enamel surface
D. Towards the dentin

The correct answer is B. Below the Enamel Surface.

The top portion of the tooth remains intact and it's the subsurface which looses the minerals. This is the stage where it's called as incipient lesion. Once the top protion breaks, it's called a cavitated lesion.

Digestive System and Nutrition - MBBS BDS Entrance Examination

The correct answers are highlighted in green.

# Micelles are the bodies related to:
 A. Secretion of hormones
 B. Secretion of enzymes
 C. Absorption of minerals
 D. Absorption of fat

# Movements of circular muscles in the stomach is called
 A. Digestion
 B. Absorption
 C. Excretion
 D. Peristalsis

Sites of Various Metabolic Pathways

Sites	Metabolic Pathways
Mitochondria	Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fatty acid oxidation Electron transfer Synthesis of ketone bodies
Ribosomes	Protein Synthesis
Golgi Complex	Glycoprotein synthesis
Nucleolus	RNA Synthesis
Cytoplasm	Cholesterol synthesis Glycolysis Fatty acid synthesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis HMP shunt Gluconeogenesis
In both mitochondria and cytosol	Urea Cycle Gluconeogenesis

# Clotting factor common to extrinsic and intrinsic pathway is:

# Clotting factor common to extrinsic and intrinsic pathway is:
A. Factor II
B. Factor III
C. Factor V
D. Factor VII

The correct answer is C. Factor V.

Prothrombin activator that is formed in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converts prothrombin

into thrombin in the presence of calcium (factor IV). 

Once formed thrombin initiates the formation of more thrombin molecules. The initially formed thrombin activates Factor V. Factor V in turn accelerates formation of both extrinsic and intrinsic prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin into thrombin. This effect of thrombin is called positive feedback effect. 

# Acid etching is done to:

# Acid etching is done to:
A. Decrease microleakage
B. Decrease polymerization shrinkage
C. Decrease Coefficient of thermal expansion
D. Decrease porosity in restorative material

The correct answer is A. Decrease microleakage.

Acid-etching transforms the smooth enamel into an irregular surface  and increases its surface free energy. When a fluid resin-based material is applied to the irregular etched surface, the resin penetrates into the surface, aided by capillary action. Monomers in the material polymerize, and the material becomes interlocked with the enamel surface.The formation of resin microtags within the enamel surface is the fundamental mechanism of resin-enamel adhesion.

As measured in the laboratory, shear bond strengths of composite to phosphoric acid-etched enamel usually exceed 20 megapascals (MPa) and can range up to over 50 MPa, depending on the test method used. Such bond strengths provide adequate retention for a broad variety of procedures and prevent leakage around enamel margins of restorations.

# Iron content in 3M Nickel based steel crowns is:

# Iron content in 3M Nickel based steel crowns is: (MAN -01)
a) 20%
b) 40%
c) 60%
d) 10%

The correct answer is D. 10 %.

Composition of stainless steel crowns:
Stainless steel (18-8) austentic type of alloy is used. Eg.: Rocky mountain and unitek.
Iron -                 87%
Chromium - 17%
Nickel -         12%
Carbon -          0.08 - 1.15%

Nickel base crowns. Eg.: Iconel 600 and 3M crowns
Iron                     -  10%
Chromium -    16%
Nickel - 72%
others - 2%

# A gingival wall is difficult to obtain in primary molar when it extends too far gingivally in class II cavities because: (MAN-97)

# A gingival wall is difficult to obtain in primary molar when it extends too far gingivally in class II cavities because: (MAN-97)
a) Facial pulp horn may be exposed
b) Inclination of cervical enamel rods occlusally
c) Of marked cervical constriction
d) Prime contact is broad and flat

The correct answer is C. of marked cervical constriction.

Gingivally the enamel rods have an occlusal direction in primary teeth so bevel is not required as there will be no unsupported enamel rods. It is difficult to obtain gingival wall when lesion extends too far gingivally in primary molar due to the presence of marked cervical constriction.