Cardiac glycosides:

# Which of the following is called cardiac glycosides?
A. Digitalin
B. Belladonna
C. Reserpine
D. Colchicum

Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and increase its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used.

Cardiac glycosides can be more specifically categorized based on the plant they are derived from, as in the following list. For example, cardenolides have been primarily derived from the foxglove plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata, while bufadienolides have been derived from the venom of the cane toad Bufo marinus, from which they receive the “bufo” portion of their name.

Cardiac glycosides have long served as the main medical treatment to congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia, due to their effects of increasing the force of muscle contraction while reducing heart rate. Heart failure is characterized by an inability to pump enough blood to support the body, possibly due to a decrease in the volume of the blood or its contractile force. Treatments for the condition thus focus on lowering blood pressure, so that the heart does not have to exert as much force to pump the blood, or directly increasing the heart's contractile force, so that the heart can overcome the higher blood pressure. Cardiac glycosides, such as the commonly used digoxin and digitoxin, deal with the latter, due to their positive inotropic activity. On the other hand, cardiac arrhythmia are changes in heart rate, whether faster (tachycardia) or slower (bradycardia). Medicinal treatments for this condition work primarily to counteract tachycardia or atrial fibrillation by slowing down heart rate, as done by cardiac glycosides.

Nevertheless, due to questions of toxicity and dosage, cardiac glycosides have been replaced with synthetic drugs such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers and are no longer used as the primary medical treatment for such conditions. Depending on the severity of the condition, though, they may still be used in conjunction with other treatments.

Middle meningeal artery:

# The middle meningeal artery: (MAN -95)
a) Enters the skull through the foramen ovale
b) Supplies the superolateral surface of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere
c) Runs a subdural course within the cranial cavity
d) Gives an interior branch which runs deep to the pterion

The correct answer is D. Gives an interior branch which runs deep to the pterion

The middle meningeal artery enters the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum. In middle cranial fossa, it has an extradural course and divides into anterior frontal branch and posterior parietal branch.

The frontal branch is closely related to the motor area of the cerebral cortex. It is the commonest source of extradural hemorrhage and results in hemiplegia of the opposite side. The parietal branch is closely related to the cerebrum and its involvement result in contralateral deafness. 

AIIMS MDS MCQs Nov 2007 Part 1 with Answers

# Which one of the following is a junction of frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone?
 A. Pterion
 B. Lambda
 C. Vertex
 D. Inion

# A non synovial joint with dense connective tissue between two bony surfaces is termed as:
 A. Synchondrosis
 B. Syndesmosis
 C. Symphysis
 D. Suture

ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 5th Year BDS FINAL EXAMINATION, MARCH 2019, BPKIHS

14th MARCH 2019

B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

5th year BDS

FINAL EXAMINATION, MARCH 2019

Paper - IV 

(ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)

Time - 2 Hours

 Total Marks: 80

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

SECTION - 'A'

Maximum Marks - 40

1. Explain the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis of jaws.   (4)

2. Discuss the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia and enlist different treatment options. (2+3=5)

3. Enlist FOUR clinical features of zygomatic arch fracture. Add a note on Gillies temporal approach to indirect reduction. (2+3=5)

4. Enlist the clinical test to diagnose oro-antral communication and add a note on management of oroantral communication. (2+4=6)

5. Discuss briefly on different types of dislocation and enumerate the surgical procedures for the management of chronic recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation . (3+3=6)

6. Mention the difference between ridge extension and ridge augmentation procedure based on their indication. Describe any one ridge extension procedure. (1+4=5)

7. With the help of a well labeled diagram, discuss WAR lines. (4)

8. Mention different theories of the mechanism of action of local anesthetic and explain the most accepted theory. (2+3=5)

SECTION 'B'

MODIFIED ESSAY QUESTIONS

Maximum Marks: 40

I. A 50-year-old male weighing 70 kg, presented to the maxillofacial clinic for extraction of grossly decayed 16. He also gave a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, which was done at BPKIHS 3 years back.
Q.1 Will this patient require antibiotic prophylaxis prior to extraction?     1
Q.2 Enlist the cardiac conditions requiring antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis as per the latest guidelines.     4
Q.3 Calculate the maximum number of cartridges of lignocaine with vasoconstrictor that is recommended for this patient.    5
Q.4 Enlist contraindications for exodontia.    5

II. A 45-year-old male presented to the OMFS department with a complaint of swelling over the right side of face from the last 6 months. There is no history of trauma or toothache.
On examination there .was a bony hard swelling over the right angle region with buccal and lingual cortices expansion with clinically missing 48.

OPG of the patient revealed a multilocular radiolucent area extending from distal of 47 till the ramus of the mandible with a radio-opaque tooth-like structure resembling 48 on the inferior aspect of the radiolucent lesion.

Aspiration from the lesion revealed a creamy white viscoid fluid.

Q.5 Enlist the differential diagnosis for this case.    (1)
Q.6 Formulate a provisional diagnosis and briefly discuss about findings to support the diagnosis.   (1+2=3)
Q.7 Discuss the different treatment options for a jaw cyst and its indications.      (3+3=6)
Q.8 Name the agents used to reduce the recurrence. Write down its composition and advantages. (1+2+2-5)

III. 31-year-old Mr. Rupesh visited the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with a complaint of reduced mouth opening for 3 days. He also reports having a toothache in right lower wisdom tooth which was on and off from the last 6 months which used to regress on medications.

On examination, there was no appreciable facial swelling extra orally. However, he had significant trismus to make intraoral examinations impossible. With little to be seen intra-orally the uvula seemed to be pushed towards the left side.

OPG was taken which revealed an impacted mesioangularly impacted 48. No other abnormalities were detected in the OPG.
Q.9 Mention your provisional diagnosis for this case.    2
Q.10 Enlist the principles for the management of facial space infection.    5
Q.11 Enlist the life-threatening complication if it is untreated.     3

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