Elimination of penicillin VK from the body

# Penicillin VK is eliminated in the body..
A. Secreted unchanged into fecal flow
B. Metabolized in liver and secreted into fecal flow
C. Excreted unchanged in urine
D. Metabolized by liver and excreted in urine

The correct answer is D. Metabolized by liver and excreted in urine.

Penicillin VK is an antibiotic metabolized in
the liver to be excreted by the kidneys into
urine.

Chemically augmented form of penicillin
that combines acid stability with an
immediate solubility and faster rate of
absorption.

Highly effective against pneumococci,
staphylococci except for strains producing
penicillinase and streptococci (groups A, C,
G, H, L and M).

Half-life is approximately 30-60 min and
takes about 5 hr to clear the body entirely.

Teeth mostly involved in Hypercementosis

# Hypercementosis is the excessive deposition of secondary cementum on the roots. Any tooth may be involved, however, which teeth are most frequently involved?
A. Molars
B. Incisors
C. Premolars
D. Canines

The correct answer is C. Premolars.

Hypercementosis is often confined to the apical half of the root but, in some instances, may involve the entire root. In a large majority of instances, it affects vital teeth, is not associated with any one particular systemic disease, and may be regarded as a dental anomaly.

lt may be seen when a tooth has lost its antagonist or when there is a chronic inflammation of the tooth. The premolars are most frequently involved. Next in frequency are the first and second molars.

Hypercementosis produces no significant clinical signs or symptoms indicative of its

presence. It is seen radiographically as a bulbous enlargement that has surrounding it a

continuous and unbroken periodontal membrane space and a normal lamina dura.

Death in Ludwig's angina occurs due to

# Death in Ludwig's angina occurs due to: (MAN -2K)
A. Sepsis
B. Respiratory obstruction
C. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
D. Carotid blow-out

The correct answer is B. Respiratory obstruction.

In Ludwig's angina there is progressive
dyspnoea due to backward spread of infection.

If not treated, it results in edema of glottis and causes complete respiratory obstruction.

What is herd immunity?

# At what point is herd immunity to a given disease observed?
A. After 100% of a population has developed a primary immune response
B. After antibiotics have treated all known cases of disease in a population
C. After 100% of a population has developed a secondary immune response
D. Immediately after 100% of a population has been Immunized
E. After enough people in a population have developed a primary immune response so that spread of an infectious agent is curtailed

The correct answer is E. After enough people in a population have developed a primary immune response so that spread of an infectious agent is curtailed. 

Herd immunity does not require that 100%

of a population be immune. Herd immunity

requires that enough people in the population have elicited memory cells.

Should the pathogen enter the population,

the number of people infected will be small

because the immunized population will not

be able to contract or spread the infection

to the non-immunized population. This

keeps the number of pathogens to a

minimum, for the protection of all.