Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

# Ludwig's angina is a severe and spreading infection that involves the: A. Submental and sublingual spaces only B. Submandibular, submental, and sublingual spaces unilaterally C. Submandibular and sublingual spaces only D. Submandibular, submental, and sublingual spaces bilaterally The correct answer is: D. Submandibular, submental, and sublingual spaces bilaterally Ludwig's angina often results from an odontogenic infection. As a result, the bacteriology of theses infections generally involves oral flora, particularly anaerobes. Other recognized etiologies of Ludwig's angina include poor oral hygiene, IV drug abuse, trauma, and tonsillitis. It is characterized by: • Rapid onset • The three facial spaces are involved bilaterally • Board-like swelling of floor of the mouth and no fluctuance is present • Typical "open-mouthed" appearance • Elevation of the tongue • Drooling. trismus, and fever • Difficulty eating, swallowing, breat...

# Epithelioid cells and giant cells are derived from macrophages and are important in the development of: A. Initial inflammation B. Granulomatous inflammation C. Acute inflammation D. Subacute inflammation The correct answer is B. Granulomatous inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation is a subtype of chronic inflammation and is characterized by granulomas, which are nodular collections of specialized macrophages referred to as epithelioid cells. A rim of lymphocytes usually surrounds granulomas. Granulomas are produced by multinucleated giant cells (Langerhans giant cells and foreign body giant cells). All the other cell types characteristic of chronic inflammation, including plasma cells, eosinophils, and fibroblasts, may also be associated with granulomas. Note: Granulomatous inflammation is characteristically associated with areas of caseous necrosis produced by infectious agents, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • Tuberculosis: caused by the inhal...

# Which type of Hepatitis is found only in patients with acute or chronic episodes of Hepatitis B? A. Hepatitis C B. Hepatitis D C. Hepatitis E D. Hepatitis A The correct answer is B. Hepatitis D, this virus causes "serum" or long-incubation hepatitis The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with worldwide distribution, transmitted by parenteral and sexual contact. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug abuse, and receipt of blood products. Its incubation period is 40 to 100 days, and it can be recovered from all body fluids, most importantly, blood, breast milk, and amniotic fluid. The signs and symptoms are similar to hepatitis A (leve1; abdominal pain, nausea, etc.) but there is a longer incubation period (6-8 weeks). The symptoms are slower in developing but are of a longer duration. Most patients recover fully, however, some develop chronic liver disease. Previously, viral hepatitis that was not caused by th...

# Which of the following diseases is associated with a decrease in caries? A. Sjogren's syndrome B. Cystic fibrosis C. Cerebral palsy D. Down syndrome The correct answer is B. Cystic fibrosis. ** Important: There is a significantly reduced caries rate in patients with cystic fibrosis. This is probably the result of alterations in saliva and the long-term use of antibiotics. Cystic fibrosis is a congenital metabolic disorder that causes the exocrine glands (which are glands that secrete fluids into a duct) to produce abnormal secretions, resulting in several symptoms, the most important of which affect the digestive tract and the lungs. In some glands, such as the pancreas and those in the intestines, the secretions are thick or solid {an excessively viscous mucous) and may block the gland completely. The mucous producing glands in the airways of the lungs produce abnormal secretions that clog the airways and allow bacteria to multiply. The sweat glands secrete fluid...