Anatomical Landmarks in Maxilla and Mandible for Complete Denture Fabrication

Anatomical Landmarks in Maxilla and Mandible for Complete Denture Fabrication

MAXILLA

Primary Stress bearing area	Residual alveolar ridge
Secondary stress bearing area	Rugae or anterior hard palate Maxillary Tuberosity
Tertiary stress bearing area and secondary retentive area	Posterolateral part of the hard palate
Relieving areas	Incisive papilla Mid palatine raphe Cuspid eminence Fovea palatinea
Primary retentive area	Posterior palatal seal area

MANDIBLE

Primary stress bearing area	Buccal shelf area
Secondary stress bearing area	Slopes of edentulous ridges
Primary retentive and primary peripheral seal area	Retromolar pad
Secondary peripheral seal area	Anterior lingual border
Relief areas	Crest of the residual ridge Mental foramen Mylohyoid ridge

Classification of Composites and their Properties

Type	Properties
Conventional Composite	Contain filler particle size of 8-12 micrometers It is the composite with largest filler size High strength and hardness Less water soprtion and Coefficient of thermal expansion Polishing is difficult and results in rough surface that tends to retain stains
Micro filled Composite	Contain smallest filler particles of size 0.04 - 0.4 micrometers Colloidal silica is used as a filler It has lowest filler content of 50% weight Lowest strength and hardness Highest thermal expansion coefficient and water sorption Excellent esthetics due to the increased smoothness
Small Particle	Contain filler particles of size 1 - 5 micrometers It has good surface smoothness like microfilled composites and improved physical properties like conventional composite It has the highest compressive strength of all composites
Hybrid Composite	It has filler particle size of 0.6 - 1 micrometer They have smooth finish and better esthetics than small particle but yet have similar physical properties.

Different Types of Pain : Anesthesia. Hyperaesthesia, Paraesthesia, Allodynia, etc.

TAXONOMY OF PAIN

Terminology	Description
Anesthesia dolorosa	It is a paradoxic pain in the region of sensory loss following an injury to a cranial nerve or a nerve root. It is seen most often after surgical treatment of the trigeminal ganglion or root for neuralgia.
Allodynia	Pain due to non painful stimulus that does not normally produce pain.
Hyperalgesia	Increased response to a stimulus that is usually painful
Hyperaesthesia	Increased sensitivity to stimulation and does not imply a painful sensation. Hyperalgesia is a special case of hyperaesthesia.
Hypoaesthesia	Decreased sensitivity to stimulation
Hypoalgesia	A special case of hypoaesthesia in which pain response to normally painful stimuli is diminished.
Paraesthesia	Abnormal (but not unpleasant) sensation
Dysesthesia	Unpleasant abnormal sensation
Hyperpathia	It is painful syndrome with increased reaction to a stimulus and an increased threshold; faulty identification and localization of stimulus; delayed and radiating sensations and after sensation may be present.
Causalgia	It is a syndrome of: Burning Pain, Allodynia, and Hyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion.
Phantom pain	Described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body. For example, Limb loss as a result of either amputation following surgery or congenital absence of limb. Phantom limb pain is the feeling of pain in an absent limb or a portion of a limb.

Polishing Agents in Dentistry

Agent	Uses
Pumice	Smoothening dentures, polishing of artificial teeth
Zinc Oxide	Polishing of amalgam restorations
Rouge (Tin oxide)	Polishing of noble metal alloys
Zirconium Silicate	Prophylactic paste for polishing natural teeth
Chromic Oxide	Polishing Stainless steel
Corundum (White form of Al2O3)	Grinding of metal alloys

Most Common Sites of Some Important Pathologies : Oral Cancer, Cysts, Tumors etc.

Condition	Most Common Site
Enameloma	Bifurcation and trifurcation of maxillary posterior teeth
Composite compound odontoma Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor Squamous odontogenic tumor	Anterior maxilla
Composite Complex Odontoma	Posterior maxilla

MCQs on Biostatistics Part 1

# Which of the following correlates highest correlation between variables ?
A. r= + 0.25
B. r= + 0.5
C. r= - 0.75
D. r= + 2

# The arithmetical average of a number of observations is called :
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Range
D. All of the above

# Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency ?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Range
D. Median

# The levels of nicotine in 6 cigarettes were 13.0, 11.8, 15.4, 17.4, 31.2 and 24.3 mg. The mean of these values is:
A. 14.9
B. 15.9
C. 18.6
D. 8.4

# Father of Health Statistics is:
A. John Snow
B. John Graunt
C. Frederick Mc Kay
D. Pierre Fauchard

# Ranking students from the individual with the highest Grade points average (GPA) to the lowest is an example of:
A. Ordinal Scale
B. Nominal Scale
C. Interval Scale
D. Ratio Scale

# A random sample suggests that :
A. A person in a control group will not be a member of the experimental group
B. Any member of a group to be studied has an equal opportunity to be included in the study
C. Every nth name on a list is selected
D. Subjects are volunteers

# A stastistical test which indicates the chance or probability of an observed difference between two means occuring by chance is called:
A. Tests of significance
B. Means
C. Ratio
D. Normalcy

# Best measure for central tendency in a highly skewed distribution is :
A. Median
B. Mean
C. Mode
D. Range

# The graphic representation of frequency distribution with X and Y axis is :
A. Frequency polygon
B. Histogram
C. Pictograph
D. Pie diagram

> # A series may have all except :
A. No mode
B. One mode
C. Many modes
D. Negative mode

# The correlation coefficient can range from :
A. 0 to +1
B. 0 to -1
C. -1 to +1
D. 0 to 100

# As the sample size increases, standard deviation :
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains the same
D. May increase or decrease

# In a 3*3 table, the number of degrees of freedom is:
A. 4
B. 9
C. 3
D. 81

# Most of the values in data spread along the :
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
D. Arithmatic mean

Local Anesthetic Techniques

Technique	Features
1. Infiltration	Also called as submucosal analgesia. Terminal branches or free nerve endings are anesthetized. Only that area into which the local anesthetic solution is infiltrated is anesthetized.
2. Field Block	Large Terminal Branches are anesthetized.
a) Paraperiosteal	Most commonly used technique. The solution is deposited alongside the periosteum. It is indicated widely in the porous maxilla than in the dense mandible.
b) Interosseous	Means injecting directly into the bone. Painful and dangerous procedure. It is not commonly used.
c) Interseptal	It is most effective in children and young adults. LA is injected into the thin porous interseptal bone.
d) Intraligamentary	Most effective for anesthetizing single tooth by injecting LA into the periodontal ligament under high pressure.
e) Intrapulpal	LA is injected into the pulp chamber. The needle should be wedged firmly.