Gastric lavage, also commonly called stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the stomach. It has been used for over 200 years as a means of eliminating poisons from the stomach. Gastric lavage involves the passage of a tube (such as an Ewald tube) via the mouth or nose down into the stomach followed by sequential administration and removal of small volumes of liquid. - Useful within three hours after ingestion of the poison PROCEDURE FOR GASTRIC LAVAGE
A stomach tube (Ewald's tube or Boa's tube) or ordinary, soft, noncollapsible rubber tube of length 1.5 meter and diameter 1 cm with a glass funnel attached on one end and a mark at 50 cm from the other end (which should be rounded with lateral openings) is used
Denture must be removed and mouth gag should be placed
Patient should be in left lateral position or head hanging over the edge of the bed and face supported by assistant.
The end is lubricated with olive oil or glycerine and is slowly passed into mouth and through the pharynx and oesophagus into the stomach till the 50 cm marking.
About 1/4th liter of lukewarm water should be passed through the funnel held high above the patient's head
When funnel is empty, compress the tube below the funnel between finger and thumb and lower it below the level of stomach. the contents will be emptied by siphoning action when the pressure is released.
This first stomach contents should be preserved for chemical analysis.
Gastric lavage can be done with: - water - 1:5000 Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) - 5 % Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) - 4 % Tannic acid - 1 % Sodium or potassium iodide - 0.9 % saline
Repeat the wash with 1/2 liter suitable solution till clear and odorless fluid comes out. CONTRAINDICATIONS OF GASTRIC LAVAGE: Absolute Contraindication: Corrosive poisoning except for carbolic acid Relative Contraindication: i. Convulsant poisoning ii. Comatose patient iii. Volatile poison iv. upper GIT disease v. Patient with marked hypothermia and hemorrhagic diathesis
# What is Ranula ?
A. Retention cyst of sublingual gland
B. Retention cyst of submandibular gland
C. Extravasation cyst of sublingual glands
D. Extravasation cyst of submandibular glands
# The parotid duct is known as:
A. Wharton's duct
B. Stenson's duct
C. Duct of Santorini
D. Duct of Wirsung
# Nerve, which lies in association to Wharton's duct is:
A. Hypoglossal
B. Lingual
C. Facial
D. Spinal Accessory
# During parotid surgery, injury to the nerve, which results in Frey's syndrome is :
A. Auriculotemporal nerve
B. Great auricular nerve
C. Mandibular nerve
D. Buccal nerve
# The nerve sacrificed in parotid surgery is:
A. Auriculotemporal
B. Facial
C. Buccal
D. Cervicofacial
# In a 3 year old child, which of the following is the most common cyst located in the midline of the neck ?
A. Thyroglossal cyst
B. Bronchial cyst
C. Lymphangiocele
D. Cystic Hygroma
# Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to:
A. Tuberculous Thyroiditis
B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
C. Dequervein's theme
D. Riedel's pharmoaclogy
# In Hashimoto's disease, serum antibodies are mainly against:
A. Thyroid Follicles
B. Thyronine
C. Thyroglobulin
D. Iodine
# Thyroglossal cyst may occasionally give rise to _________ carcinoma.
A. papillary
B. Medullary
C. Anaplastic
D. Follicular
# The folowing statements about thyroglossal cysts are true, EXCEPT :
A. Frequent cause of anterior midline neck masses in the first decade of life
B. The cyst is located within 2 cm of the midline
C. Incision and drainage is the treatment of choice
D. The swelling moves upwards on protrusion of the tongue
# Prophylactic thyroidectomy is indicated in:
A. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
B. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
C. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
D. Malignant lymphoma
# A patient has wide eyes, nervousness, raised systolic BP and weight loss. Most probable diagnosis is:
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hyperparathyroidism
D. Hypoparathyroidism
# Thyroglossal fistula is :
A. Congenital
B. Acquired
C. Hereditary
D. Discharges blood
# The most common cause of hypoparathroidism after thyroidectomy is :
A. Removal
B. Vascular injury
C. Hypertrophy
D. Malignancy
# The commonest cause of hypercalcemia in a patient with known cancer is:
A. Ectopic parathormone production
B. Direct destruction of the bone by tumor cells
C. High levels of vitamin D
D. Production of parathormone like substance
# A patient presents with swelling in the neck following a thyroidectomy. What is most likely resulting complication?
A. Respiratory obstruction
B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
C. Hypovolemia
D. Hypocalcemia
# In retrosternal goiter, the most common presenting feature is:
A. Dysphagia
B. Stridor
C. Dyspnoea
D. Superior venacaval syndrome
# Screening method for medullary carcinoma thyroid is:
A. Serum calcitonin
B. Serum calcium
C. Serum alkaline phosphatase
D. Serum acid phosphatase
# Carcinoma thyroid with blood borne metastasis is:
A. Follicular
B. Papillary
C. Mixed
D. Anaplastic
# Lateral aberrant thyroid refers to:
A. Congenital thyroid abnormality
B. Metastatic foci from primary in thyroid
C. Struma ovarii
D. Lingual thyroid
# A patient has pituitary tumor and pheochromocytoma and a thyroid nodule. Which carcinoma is most likely to occur ?
A. Follicular
B. Medullary
C. Papillary
D. Anaplastic
# NOT a feature of de Quervain's disease:
A. Autoimmune in etiology
B. Increased ESR
C. Tends to regress spontaneously
D. Painful and associated with enlargement of thyroid
# Treatment of thyroid storm includes all, EXCEPT :
A. Propranolol
B. Radioactive iodine
C. Hydrocortisone
D. Lugol's iodine
# In case of hypothyroidism, which investigation is most informative and most commonly used ?
A. Serum TSH level
B. Serum T3, T4 level
C. Serum Calcitonin assay
D. Serum TRH assay
# Patient after thyroid surgery presents with perioral paraesthesia, serum calcium level is 7 mg/dL. What will be the best management ?
A. Oral Vit D3
B. Oral vit D3 and Ca
C. IV calcium gluconate
D. Oral calcium
# Therapy of choice for diffuse toxic goiter in a patient over 45 years is :
A. Surgery
B. Antithyroid drugs
C. Radio iodine
D. Antithyroid drugs first followed by surgery
# What percentage of cold thyroid nodules are malignant ?
A. 70 - 80 %
B. 50 - 60 %
C. 40 - 50 %
D. 10 - 20 %
# Absolute indication for surgery in hyperparathyroidism is :
A. Serum calcium < 2.85 mmol/lit
B. Increased bone density
C. Urinary Tract calculi
D. Patient more than 50 years of age
# The commonest thyroid malignancy is:
A. Anaplastic
B. Follicular
C. Papillary
D. Medullary
# Treatment of choice for mixed parotid tumor is :
A. Enucleation
B. Superficial parotidectomy
C. Radical parotidectomy
D. Radiation
# Which of the following is the most common complication of radioiodine treatment of Grave's disease ?
A. Thyroid storm
B. Subacute thyroiditis
C. Thyroid cancer
D. Hypothyroidism
# Which one of the following nerves is not encountered during submandibular gland resection ?
A. Lingual nerve
B. Hypoglossal nerve
C. Accessory nerve
D. Marginal mandibular nerve
# First investigation for solitary thyroid nodules is:
A. Thyroid scan
B. CT scan
C. MRI
D. FNAC
# A patient is wide eyed, very nervous with increased systolic pressure, increased pulse rate, fine skin and hair and loss of body weight. He is probably suffering from ?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hyperpituitarism
D. Hyperparathyroidism
# Which is more dangerous after a thyroidectomy resulting in acute respiratory distress ?
A. Damage to external laryngeal nerve
B. Unilateral complete damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve
C. Unilateral partial damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. Bilateral partial section of recurrent laryngeal nerve
# Causes for primary hyperparathyroidism:
A. Parathyroid carcinoma
B. Renal failure
C. Rickets
D. Malabsorption
# All of the following are features of hyperthyroidism EXCEPT :
A. Thin person
B. Decreased waist:hip ratio
C. Excessive sleep
D. Increased muscular activity
# The following are true of primary thyrotoxicosis EXCEPT:
A. Tremors
B. Warm extremities
C. Diarrhea
D. Intolerance to cold
# Which one of the following feature is not associated with primary hyperparathyroidism ?
A. Giant cell tumor
B. Sharply defined radiolucencies of maxilla and mandible
C. Partial loss of lamina dura
D. Hypercementosis
# Treatment of choice in cold nodule of thyroid :
A. Subtotal thyroidectomy
B. I-131
C. Hemithyroidectomy
D. Excision of Nodule
# Thyroid carrcinoma with pulsating vascular skeletal metastasis is:
A. Follicular
B. Anaplastic
C. Medullary
D. Papillary
# Pleomorphic adenomas arising from the minor salivary glands can be treated with :
A. Local excision with 2 mm margin
B. Local excision with 5 mm margin
C. Radiotherapy
D. Chemotherapy
# Which of the following statements is true regarding thyroglobulin?
A. It is a specific marker for anaplastic carcinoma
B. Elevation after complete therapy suggests recurrence in well-differentiated thyroid malignancies
C. Preoperative elevation always suggests thyroidal disease
D. Intra operative estimation from thyroid veins is very useful for prognosis
# "Thyroid storm" is treated by following EXCEPT:
A. Aspirin for Hyperpyrexia
B. Propranolol
C. Dehydration is corrected
D. Sodium iodide
# Cricothyroidotomy is contraindicated in:
A. Age below 5 years
B. Age between 15-20 years
C. Age between 20-30 years
D. Age between 30-40 years <<< VIEW PART 1PRACTICE MORE MCQs >>>
Click HERE to view all our MCQ Topics. # Which is the most common cause of hypothyroidism ?
A. Multinodular goitre
B. Lymphoma of thyroid
C. Autoimmune thyroiditis
D. Reidel's thyroiditis
# The treatment of anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid is :
A. Total thyroidectomy
B. Palliative radiotherapy
C. Radioactive idoine
D. Tracheostomy
# The histopathologic feature of medullary carcinoma of thyroid is :
A. Anaplasia
B. Mitotic figures
C. Psammoma bodies
D. Amyloid stroma
# The most common level of thyroglossal cyst is :
A. Lingual
B. Infra-lingual
C. Supra-hyoid
D. Infra-hyoid
# All the following are seen in thyrotoxicosis except:
A. Tremor
B. Increased temperature
C. Slow pulse rate
D. Exophthalmos
# The cyst that moves by protruding the tongue is:
A. Thyroglossal cyst
B. Median rhomboid cyst
C. Ranula
D. Tracheal cyst
# A 45 year old woman has a nodule in the neck which moves during swallowing. The nodule most probably is attached to :
A. Thyroid
B. Larynx
C. Oesophagus
D. Pharynx
# Thyroglossal fistula is :
A. Lined by squamous epithelium
B. Causes a bulge in the neck
C. Inflammatory lesion
D. Precancerous lesion
# Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
A. Intolerance to cold
B. Decreased appetite
C. Weight gain
D. Palpitations
# Symptoms of hypothyroidism include :
A. Intolerance to heat
B. Diarrhoea
C. Loss of weight
D. Menstrual disturbance
# FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology) can diagnose all the following except:
A. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
B. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
C. Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid
D. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
# Thyroglosal cyst is most often located:
A. Near hyoid bone
B. At the base of the tongue
C. Submandibular
D. Opposite cricoid cartilage
# Retrosternal goiter :
A. Causes stridor
B. Obtains its blood supply from thoracic vessels
C. Characteristically malignant
D. Must be removed by thoracotomy
# Hashimoto's disease is :
A. Agranulomatous thyroiditis
B. An autoimmune thyroiditis
C. Fibrous thytoiditis
D. A viral infection of the thyroid gland
E. None of the above
# A patient with increased metabolic rate, hyperthyroidism, goiter and have deposits of calcium in capsule of thyroid, It can be due to:
A. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
B. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
C. De Quervain's thyroiditis
D. Riedel's thyroiditis
# Tachycardia, nervousness, intolerance to heat and exophthalmos is seen in:
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Hyperparathyroidism
D. Hypoparathyroidism
# Sistrunk's operation is done for:
A. Thyroglossal cyst
B. Thyroglossal fistula
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above
# Follicular carcinoma of thyroid is best treated by :
A. Hemithyroidectomy
B. Near total thyroidectomy
C. Sub total thyroidectomy
D. Radiotherapy alone
# Which of the following is true for thyrotoxicosis ?
A. In Grave's disease, antibodies are formed to TSH receptors which results in excessive thyroxine secretion
B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurs in young males
C. In primary hypothyroidism, decreased TSH levels are seen.
D. In Grave's Disease, no antibodies are formed to TSH receptors which result in decreased thyroxine secretion
# The origin of thyroglossal duct is:
A. Foramen caceum
B. Tuburculum impar
C. Rathke's pouch
D. Rosenmiller's fossa
# A cold nodule in thyroid on thyroid scintiscan mean:
A. Nodule which is cold
B. Hyperactive nodule
C. Nodule which is nonfunctioning and malignant
D. Nodule which has no signs of inflammation
# The only reason for operating in case of thyroiditis is:
A. To prevent cancerous degeneration
B. For relief of pain in neck and ear
C. To overcome pressure on trachea or oesophagus
D. To cure the toxic reaction
# The carcinoma of thyroid associated with hypocalcemia is :
A. Papillary cancer
B. Medullary cancer
C. Follicular cancer
D. Anaplastic cancer
# Toxic adenoma on scanning appear as:
A. Hot nodule
B. cold nodule
C. Warm nodule
D. Neutral
# Thyroid carcinoma :
A. is often associated with hypothyroidism
B. often producess hyperthyroidism
C. is usually euthyroid
D. occurs in toxic nodules
# All of the following regarding papillary carcinoma thyroid are true except:
A. Multicentric origin
B. Secondary to lymph nodes
C. Slowly growing
D. Bony metastasis in early age
# Commonest thyroid malignancy is :
A. Medullary carcinoma
B. Follicular adenoma
C. Anaplastic carcinoma
D. Papillary carcinoma
# Lymph node metastasis is commonest in:
A. Follicular
B. Papillary
C. Anaplastic
D. Medullary
# Orphan Annie eyed nuclei is the characteristic histologic appearance seen in:
A. Papillary carcinoma thyroid
B. Follicular carcinoma thyroid
C. Medullary carcnoma thyroid
D. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
# Therapy of choice for diffuse toxic goiter in a patient over 45 years is :
A. Surgery
B. Antithyroid drugs
C. Radio iodine
D. Antithyroid drugs first followed by surgery
# Thyroglossal fistula develops due to:
A. Developmental anomaly
B. Injury
C. Incomplete removal of thyroglossal cyst
D. Inflammatory disorder
# Most common cause of Hypercalcemic crisis is:
A. Parathyroid adenoma
B. Parathyroid hyperplasia
C. Carcinoma breast
D. Paget's disease
# A patient has hypocalcemia which was the result of a surgical complication. Which operation could it possibly have been?
A. Nephrectomy
B. Thyroidectomy
C. Gastrectomy
D. Vocal cord tumor biopsy
# Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by the following except:
A. Generalised osteoporosis
B. Renal calculi
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Osteosclerosis
# After thyroidectomy, patient developed stridor within 2 hours. All are likely cause of stridor except:
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
C. Laryngomalacia
D. Wound hematoma
# A ranula is a :
A. type of epulis
B. Sublingual thyroid
C. Thyroglossal cyst
D. Cystic swelling in the floor of the mouth
# Mickulicz's disease is :
A. an inflammatory disease
B. neoplastic disease
C. an autoimmune disease
D. Viral infection
# A condition of the mouth which increases the caries activity in the oral cavity is :
A. Xerostomia
B. Hairy tongue
C. Fissured tongue
D. Watery saliva
# Reduction in flow of the saliva is not generally seen in:
A. elderly diabetics
B. patients undergoing radiation therapy
C. patients suffering from parkinsonism
D. patients on phenothiazine drugs
# Adenoid cystic carcinoma is also known as:
A. Cylindroma
B. Pindborg tumor
C. Warthins tumor
D. Pleomorphic adenoma
# Anatomical structure injured in excision of ranula is :
A. Lingual vein
B. Lingual artery
C. Submandibular duct
D. Parotid duct
# Stones are maximum in:
A. Parotid gland
B. Submandibular gland
C. Pancreas
D. Sublingual gland
# All are seen in Sjogren's syndrome except :
A. Positive antinuclear factor
B. Decreased immunoglobulins
C. Raised ESR
D. Positive Rheumatoid factor
# Parotid tumor which spreads perineurally is:
A. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
B. Epidermoid carcinoma
C. Carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma
D. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
# Treatment of submandibular salivary gland duct calculi is :
A. Excision of submandibular gland
B. Opening of the duct at the frenulum
C. Opening of the duct and removal of calculus
D. Excision of gland and duct
# Sjogren's syndrome is associated with:
A. Rheumatoid arthritis
B. SLE
C. Scleroderma
D. All of the above
# The commonest parotid tumor is :
A. Pleomorphic adenoma
B. Warthins tumor
C. Adenoid carcinoma
D. None of the above
# Adenolymphoma refers to :
A. Warthin's tumor
B. Pleomorphic adenoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Adenocystic carcinoma
# In submandibular gland surgery, the nerve least likely to be injured is:
A. Inferior alveolar nerve
B. Lingual nerve
C. Hypoglossal nerve
D. Mandibular branch of facial nerve
# In case of parotid swelling, the diagnostic procedure of choice is:
A. FNAC
B. Superficial Parotidectomy
C. Enucleation
D. Excision biopsy
A good dentist should have keen knowledge and expertise to make an accurate diagnosis based on the radiographical image of various conditions. It is often said that "The eyes do not see what the brain doesn't know." That is absolutely correct. We must have a good knowledge about the condition, its clinical presentations and radiological appearance in our mind to make an accurate diagnosis.
Common lesions which show multilocular radiolucency are:
Ameloblastoma
Odontogenic keratocyst
Odontogenic Myxoma
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Central Hemangioma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Cherubism
1. Ameloblastoma
- Soap bubble or honeycombed appearance
- Most common in 3rd molar- ramus area
- Notching is seen in advancing end of tumor
- Root resorption and displacement of adjacent teeth is seen
- Rarely causes perforation
2. Odontogenic Keratocyst
- Soap bubble appearance
- No expansion of cortical plates, because the lesion grows anteroposteriorly 3. Odontogenic myxoma
- Exclusively seen in Jaws, only in tooth-bearing portions
- angular or tennis racket or honeycomb appearance
- May be found in association with an impacted tooth
4. Central giant cell granuloma
- It is a reactive process, but not a neoplasm
- Soap bubble or honeycomb appearance
- a characteristic feature is that the septa are perpendicular to the periphery of the lesion and notching is seen corresponding to outline where septa arise.
5. Central hemangioma
- soap bubble appearance
- Swelling of Jaws, gingival bleeding through sulcus is seen
- " Pumping action " is a characteristic clinical feature. If tooth in the region of the tumor is pushed into the tumor, it will be rebound back to the original.
6. Aneurysmal bone cyst
- history of trauma, the cyst is reactive process secondary to trauma
- honeycomb or soap bubble appearance
- frank blood on aspiration
- pseudocyst
- multinucleated giant cells are seen histologically
7. Cherubism
- seen at 2-6 years of age with a familial history
- When maxilla is involved, the skin over it is stretched with pulling of skin below eyes. The sclera is visible giving "angelic look" or "eyes towards heaven".
- Multiple unerupted teeth are seen which appear to be floating in cyst-like spaces.
Click HERE to view all our MCQ Topics. # Bregma is the name given to the junction of the :
A. Coronal and sagittal sutures
B. Frontal bone with the nasal bone
C. Lambdoid and sagittal sutures
D. Two parietal bones
# 'Pterion' is :
A. is a point of articulation of four skull bones
B. is a point where 'bregma' and 'lambda' meet
C. it is the region of the anterolateral fontannele merge
D. lies deep to the zygomatic arch
# Lateral part of middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa are divided by :
A. Petrous temporal bone
B. Crista galli
C. Transverse groove
D. Sphenoid bone
# The maxilla articulates with all of the following bones, except one. Identify the exception.
A. Frontal
B. Zygomatic
C. Palatine
D. Temporal
# Highest point on skull :
A. Pterion
B. Pogonion
C. Lambda
D. Vertex
# Which of the following structures is not present on the internal surface of the mandible ?
A. Genial Tubercle
B. Mylohyoid ridge
C. Lingula
D. Mental foramen
# Among all the following foramens in the base of the skull, which is the most posteriorly present?
A. Foramen spinosum
B. Foramen rotundum
C. Foramen lacerum
D. Foramen ovale
# Mental foramen is located :
A. Between roots of premolars
B. Between roots of molars
C. Near canine
D. Between incisors
# The palatine bone furnishes the link between :
A. Maxilla and the sphenoid bone
B. Sphenoid and the ethmoid bone
C. Sphenoid and the vomer
D. None of the above
# Lingula gives attachment to :
A. Upper medial incisor
B. Sphenomandibular ligament
C. Temporomandibular ligament
D. All
# Number of bones in adult skull are :
A. 18
B. 20
C. 22
D. 40
# The point where the parieto mastoid, occipito mastoid, and the lambdoid sutures meet is :
A. Pterion
B. Obelion
C. Asterion
D. Bregma
# Which of the following is the unpaired bone of facial skeleton ?
A. Nasal
B. Lacrimal
C. Inferior nasal conchae
D. Vomer
# Foramen magnum transmits all except : (Two answers correct )
A. Vertebral artery
B. Spinal branch 10th nerve
C. Spinal cord
D. Vertebral venous plexus
# Structure passing through foramen spinosum is :
A. Accessory meningeal artery
B. Middle meningeal artery
C. Mandibular nerve
D. Maxillary nerve
# Foramen caecum is seen in:
A. Ethmoid bone
B. Tongue
C. Sphenoid
D. A and B
# Bone better described as 'bat with extended wings' is :
A. Ethmoid
B. Sphenoid
C. Nasal
D. Mandible
# All of the following features of skull of a newborn are true except :
A. Diploe not formed
B. Styloid process has not fused with rest of the temporal bone
C. Anterior fontanelle open
D. Mastoid process is of adult size
# Suprameatal triangle externally represents :
A. Transverse sinus
B. Promontory of middle ear
C. Internal acoustic meatus
D. Mastoid antrum
# Anterior limit of infratemporal fossa is :
A. Lateral pterygoid plate
B. Maxillary posterior wall
C. Pterygomaxillary fissure
D. Mastoid process
# Which of the following muscles originates from the zygomatic process off the maxilla ?
A. Middle temporal
B. Lateral pterygoid
C. Superficial layer of masseter
D. Posterior portion of the buccinator
# Muscle, which pulls the disk of TMJ downward :
A. Lateral pterygoid
B. Medial pterygoid
C. Digastric
D. Mylohyoid
# Foramen transversarium transmits :
A. Inferior jugular vein
B. Inferior petrosal sinus
C. Sigmoid sinus
D. Vertebral artery
# Structures passing through foramen ovale :
A. Emissary vein
B. Mandibular nerve
C. Trigeminal nerve
D. A and B
# Which of the following is present in the posterior cranial fossa in a five year old child ?
A. Foramen rotundum
B. Foramen lacerum
C. Jugular foramen
D. Foramen spinosum
# Which structure passes through infra orbital fissures ?
A. Superior ophthalmic vein
B. Ophthalmic artery
C. Trochlear nerve
D. Zygomatic nerve
# Which of the following does not pass through superior orbital fissure ?
A. Occulomotor nerve
B. Optic nerve
C. Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
D. Trochlear nerve
# Which vertebra has the most prominent spine ?
A. C2
B. C7
C. T10
D. L2
# Accessory meningeal artery enters cranial cavity through :
A. Foramen lacerum
B. Foramen rotundum
C. Foramen spinosum
D. Foramen ovale
# Mental spine provide attachment to :
A. Genioglossus
B. Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
C. Mylohyoid
D. Superior constrictor of pharynx
# Following foramina are found in greater wing of sphenoid except :
A. Foramen rotundum
B. Canaliculus innominatus
C. Foramen spinosum
D. Optic canal
# The first costochondral joint is a :
A. Fibrous joint
B. Synovial joint
C. Fimosis
D. Synarthrosis
# The typical cervical differs from thoracic vertebra in that it:
A. has a triangular body
B. has a foramen transversarium
C. Superior articular facet directed backwards and upwards
D. has a large vertebral body
# The joint between the atlas and axis :
A.is Synovial
B. is closely related to the first cervical nerves
C. allows rotation of the head
D. is supported by the alar ligaments
# Joint between two bony surfaces linked by cartilage in the plane of body is called :
A. Syndesmosis
B. Symphysis
C. Synchondrosis
D. Suture
# Which out of the following bones ossify first ?
A. Mandible
B. Nasal bone
C. Vomer
D. Occipital
# The type of suture represented by sagittal suture of the cranial vault is :
A. Serrate
B. Denticulate
C. Squamous
D. Plane
# Which of the following is the weakest part of the orbit ?
A. Medial wall
B. Lateral wall
C. Floor of the orbit
D. Roof of the orbit
# The hyoid bone lies in the midline at the front of the neck at the level of the :
A. Third cervical vertebra
B. Fourth cervical vertebra
C. Fifth cervical vertebra
D. Seventh cervical vertebra
# The orbital opening is somewhat:
A. Quadrangular
B. Oval
C. Oblong
D. Circular
# Mandibular fossa is a part of :
A. Mandible bone
B. Maxilla bone
C. Sphenoid bone
D. Temporal bone
# Which of the following is located medial to the third molar at the junction of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone ?
A. Posterior nasal spine
B. Mylohyoid line
C. Pterygoid hamulus
D. Greater palatine foramen
# All of the following canals open on the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa EXCEPT :
A. Greater palatine canal
B. Foramen rotundum
C. Pterygoid canal
D. Palatovaginal canal
# All of the following are pneumatic bones except :
A. Mastoid
B. Mandible
C. Maxilla
D. Ethmoid
# What is the number of bones a neonate has in the skeleton ?
A. 270
B. 250
C. 230
D. 206
# Deepest layer of deep cervical fascia is :
A. Prevertebral
B. Carotid sheath
C. Pretracheal
D. Temporal
# Not a part of Ethmoid bone is:
A. Inferior turbinate
B. Agar nasi cells
C. Uncinate process
D. Crista galli
# A dome shaped skull is known as :
A. Brachy-cephaly
B. Oxy-cephaly
C. Scapho-cephaly
D. Rhombo-encephaly
# The suture between the two halves of the frontal bone is :
A. Metopic
B. Symphysis
C. Mendosal
D. Coronal
Composite is a compound of two or more different constituents with properties that are superior to those of the individual constituent.
COMPOSITION: a) Resin Matrix
The matrix consists of Bis-phenol Glycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). TEGDMA is used as a viscosity controller.
b) Fillers - silica
Addition of fillers increases the strength, hardness, abrasion resistance and decreases the polymerization shrinkage and water sorption.
c) Coupling agent
Organosilane, zirconates or titanates. They bond the filler particles to the resin matrix.
e) Opacifiers and coloring agents
Titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide are the opacifiers.
The coupling agent between filler particle and the resin is VINYL SILANE.
TYPES: CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITES:
# Supplied in two pastes
Basic Paste - Contains the initiator benzoyl peroxide
Accelerator Paste - Contains tertiary amine as activator (N-dimethyl-p-toluidine)
# It is manipulated by mixing the proper proportions on a mixing pad with an agate spatula as metal spatula discolors the material.
# Cavity should be slightly overfilled.
# Shrinkage occurs towards the centre of the material.
LIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITES
# Consists of a single paste
Initiator - Camphoroquinone
Activator - diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate or diketone
- They interact when exposed to light at wavelength of 400-500 nm i.e. blue region of the visible light spectrum.
- Ultraviolet light curing is not indicated because of its limited depth of penetration through tooth structure. It also poses a potential health hazard.
- The source of light is a tungsten halogen bulb.
- The tip should be kept as close as possible to the restoration and should be cured in increments.
- Each increment should not be greater than 2 mm and the exposure time should be 40-60 seconds.
- Darker shades require longer exposure time.
- Light emitted may cause retinal damage and can be prevented by using protective eyeglasses.
- Shrinkage occurs towards the light source.
- Cavity preparation for composites is beveled except when margins are in cementum.
Type VIII and Type IX - Posterior packable GIC for atraumatic restorations
Among the first three types, the highest cumulative release of fluoride after 30 days is from glass ionomer liner.
- GIC was introduced as a potential replacement for silicate cement. It has been evolved as a hybrid from the silicate and polycarboxylate cement.
Light Polymerization:
The powder contains initiators for light curing and liquid component is modified with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).
The polymerization starts when exposed to light and subsequently followed by acid base reactions. This is called dual cure GIC.
PROPERTIES:
GIC has low fracture toughness and wear resistance.
It is very sensitive to moisture, especially during initial setting reaction. During this period, absorption of water leads to weak cement and over drying will lead to cracks in the cement. Therefore, the surface of cement should be protected by coating with varnish or cocoa butter during setting.
It bonds chemically to the tooth structure.
- The bond of enamel is always higher than that of dentin.
- It is relatively biocompatible, the pulpal reaction is greater than ZOE but less than Zinc Phosphate Cement.
- Due to continuous fluoride release, it has some anticariogenic property.
- Powder: Liquid ratio is 3:1 by weight. Mixing should be done by agate or plastic spatula.
- 10 % polyacrylic acid should be used for conditioning the cavity surface before insertion of the cement.
- Final finishing is done 24 hours after the insertion.
MODIFICATIONS OF GIC:
a) Miracle Mix or Silver Cement
Silver-Tin alloy powder is added to GIC Powder. None of the properties were improved and it gave a gray or blackish color to the cement. It is also called as silver alloy mix.
b) Glass Cermet or Cermet
Glass and metal ( Silver-tin-titanium) powders were sintered at high temperature and made to react with liquid. It improved the fracture toughness and wear resistance and at the same time maintained the esthetics.
c) Resin modified GIC
BisGMA, TEGDMA, are added to powder and HEMA to the liquid. With exposure of light polymerization is initiated along the methacrylate groups. After that the liquid reacts with the glass particles through acid base reaction. It improved the wear resistance and decreased the sensitivity to
water attack.
d) Compomer (Polyacid modified composite resins)
It is a combination of composite and GIC. Glass particles are partially silanated (for bonding with the matrix) and are added as fillers in the composite resin. There is no water in the reaction. The properties were inferior to composites but superior to resin modified GIC.
e) Bilayered or Sandwich restoration
In this technique, GIC is used as a liner under composite restorations. It increases the retention form as GIC bonds both the tooth and composite and the fluoride content reduces secondary caries.
f) Tunneling restorations
Joining the occlusal lesion with the proximal lesion by means of a prepared tunnel under the involved marginal ridge. The marginal ridge remains intact. GIC is used as the restorative material in this technique.
g) Atraumatic restoration (ART)
Involves removal of affected tooth structure with hand instruments, followed up by restoring with GIC material (GC Fuji VIII).
h) High viscosity GIC
Used for atraumatic restorative treatment. They contain small particle sizes and a high P/L ratio, yielding greater compressive strength and excellent packability. Also used for core buildups, primary tooth fillings and intermediate restoration.
i) Calcium aluminate GIC
It is a hybrid product of calcium aluminate and GIC. The GIC components are responsible for early properties (i.e. setting time, viscosity, and strength). The calcium aluminate contributes to basic pH, biocompatibility and reduction in microleakage. Also called as hydraulic cement.
