Modified Essay Questions, MEQs in General Surgery - Femoral Hernia

FEMORAL HERNIA 

#  A 59-year-old obese woman presented with swelling in the right groin. 

1. List some causes of groin swelling. 

- Inguinal Hernia (direct, indirect)

- femoral hernia, 

- enlarged lymph nodes, 

- psoas abscess, 

- saphena varix, 

- lipoma, 

- enlarged femoral lymph node, 

- psoas abscess, 

- femoral artery aneurysm 

Modified Essay Questions, MEQs in General Surgery - Tubercular Lymphadenitis

 TUBERCULAR LYMPHADENITIS 

A teenage boy comes to you with multiple swelling on the neck which is around the SCM.
a. Mention the important points which you would like to ask during history taking from this patient.
- Presence of chest symptoms: cough, sputum production, hemoptysis
- Presence of constitutional symptoms- fever, night sweats, weight loss
- Presence of similar history in other family members or any members having or  previously had Tuberculosis
- Any treatment history

b. Write the examination points.
 i. General: pulse, temperature, Respiratory rate, BP

ii. Look for similar swellings in other areas

iii. Local examination:
- Inspection: Site, number, size, shape, overlying skin, movement with deglutition, movement with protrusion of tongue, pulsations
- Palpation: a local rise of temperature, tenderness. Size, shape, surface, consistency,  margins, mobility, compressibility, fluctuation, fixity to skin or underlying structures, cough impulse, pulsations,
- Auscultation for bruit

iv. Examination of respiratory system

On examination you find that the swelling is non-tender, mobile, firm in consistency, matted and located beneath the SCM. 

c. List two other D/D other than TB.
- Chronic Lymphadenitis, Anaplastic lymphoma

d. Enumerate the cost effective investigations you would order to reach a logical working diagnosis. i. CBC: may reveal low Hb
ii. ESR: elevated in most cases
iii. FNAC: gives diagnosis in about 75% cases
iv. Chest XRay and sputum for AFB — if chest symptoms

The report suggests TB.
e. Describe the stages through which a tuberculous cervical lymph node passes along with the sketching.
i. Stage of lymphadenitis — non-tender discrete mobile firm lymph nodes

ii. Stage of Periadenitis/ Stage of Matting: Due to the inflammation of the capsule. Nodes move together, firm non-tender matted.

iii. Stage of Cold abscess — due to caseation of the lymph nodes — fluctuant swelling in the neck.

iv. Stage of Collar stud abscess- results when cold abscess which is deep to the deep fascia and forms another swelling in the subcutaneous plane which is fluctuant.

v. Stage of Sinus: occurs when the collar stud abscess ruptures through the skin.

f. How should you manage a TB Abscess?
- Non dependent aspiration using a wide bore needle. Dependent drainage causes persistent
Tuberculous sinus. Antituberculous treatment is given.

g. What is the pathogenesis of TB cervical nodes?
1. In 80% cases — mycobacteria pass through tonsillar crypts and affect tonsillar node or jugulodigastric group of nodes in the anterior triangle of the neck.
2. In 20% of cases- nodes in the posterior triangle are infected due to infection of adenoids.

3. Rarely- infection can spread from the tuberculosis of the apex of the lungs.

h. How will you treat this case?
a. Give ATT for 6 months (CAT l)
b. If persistent matting — Excision of nodes

Modified Essay Questions, MEQs in General Surgery

CLICK THE SELECTED MEQs TOPIC YOU'D LIKE TO VIEW.

1. Wound

2. Warthin's Tumor

3. Tubercular Lymphadenitis

4. Femoral Hernia

5. Head Injury

6. Breast Abscess

7. Thyroglossal Cyst

Modified Essay Questions, MEQs in General Surgery - Warthin's Tumor

WARTHIN'S TUMOR 

# A 60-year-old man presents to you in surgery OPD with a history of painless slowly growing swelling in the left preauricular region for last 2 years. 
1. List 4 common differential diagnoses.
- Salivary gland tumor: Warthins tumor (adenolymphoma), pleomorphic adenoma
- Preauricular lymph nodes
- Granulomatous disease- TB, Sarcoidosis

2. Mention the examination finding which suggests the swelling is arising from the parotid.
a. Pushes the ear lobule upward
b. swelling in front, below and behind the ear
c. Retromandibular groove is obliterated

3. Describe the method of palpation of deep lobe of the parotid.
- Palpate bi-manually with one finger inside the mouth just in front of the tonsil and behind 3rd molar and the other hand behind ramus of the mandible.

4. Describe the course of the facial nerve in relation to the parotid gland.
- After emerging from the stylomastoid foramen, it hooks around the condyle of mandible enters the substance of parotid and divides into 2 major branches- zygomaticotemporal and cervicofacial. It divides the parotid into superficial and deep lobe (fasciovenous plane of Patey). This nerve gives rise to 5 branches which are connected like the foot of goose, hence called pes anserinum.

5. Describe the course of parotid duct.
- It is a thick walled duct about 5 cm long. It runs forward and slightly downwards on the masseter. At the anterior border of masseter it turns medially and pierces:
i. The buccal pad of fat,
ii. Buccopharyngeal fascia, and
iii. Buccinator

The duct runs for a short distance between the buccinators and oral mucosa. Finally,  it turns medially and opens into the vestibule of mouth (gingivobuccal vestibule) opposite the 2nd upper molar teeth.

6. Describe the Method for palpation of parotid duct.
- It is palpated bi-digitally with the index finger inside the mouth and thumb over the cheek. If it is indurated, it sometimes can be palpated by rolling a finger over the taut masseter.

7. Mention the physical sign which will suggest the malignant nature of the swelling. 
- Large in size, infiltrates skin, facial nerve paralysis, red dilated veins over the surface, the presence of lymph nodes in the neck, tumor feels stony hard.

On examination, the swelling is soft and fluctuant. Facial nerve not involved.
8. State the most probable diagnosis.
 - Warthin's tumor, adenolymphoma

Open surgical biopsy is not recommended.
9. Mention the reasons in favor of the above statement.
a. Injury to the facial nerve.
b. Seeding of tumor in the subcutaneous plane which causes recurrence in 40-50% of cases.

10. Mention the treatment.
- Superficial parotidectomy


11. Classify parotid tumors.

- A. Epithelial

Benign	Malignant
Pleomorphic Adenoma	Malignant mixed Tumor
Warthin's Tumor	Acinic cell carcinoma
Oncocytoma	Adenocarcinoma
Adenoma (others)	Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Basal cell adenoma	Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Canalicular Adenoma	Squamous cell carcinoma
Ductal Papilloma	Undifferentiated (others)

B. Non epithelial
- Lipoma
- Lymphoma
- Neurofibroma
- Sarcoma
- Lymphangioma

Modified Essay Questions, MEQs in General Surgery - Wound

WOUND 

1. A 9 yr old boy was hit by a vehicle while going to school a few hours back. He was carried to the emergency in a stable state with wound on right calf.         (15 marks) 
a. Define wound.
- Wound is the discontinuity or break in the surface epithelium

b. Describe the local pathophysiology of wounds.
- Stage of hemostasis - Stage of  inflammation - stage of granulation - stage of maturation

On examination, 15 cm x 6 cm wound defect was noticed over the postero-lateral aspect of rt leg which had ragged, unhealthy margins and there was skin loss as well. 

2. Classify open wounds.
i. Incised wound: superficial wound with a sharp edge and caused by sharp objects less contaminated
ii. Lacerated wounds: caused by blunt objects or RTA. Ragged unhealthy edges,  crushing or tissue may be present
iii. Penetrating wounds: caused by sharp objects, depth of wound greater than length. Internal organs, blood vessels, nerves might be damaged
iv. Crushed wounds: Caused by blunt trauma eg RTAs. Might cause severe hemorrhage,
more prone for gangrene, tetanus etc.

3. Define Abrasion and Laceration.
- Abrasion: Scraping or peeling off of the epidermis with the exposure of the dermis.
- Laceration: Laceration is the tearing or splitting of skin, mucous membranes, muscles or internal organs caused by either a shearing or a crushing force, and produced by application of a blunt force to a broad area of the body.

Parents of the boy are anxious. They want to know how you will manage their son.

4. Outline the treatment plan.
 i. Resuscitation if the patient unstable. Not required here as the patient is stable
ii. Anagesics if the patient is in pain -WHO step ladder. NSAIDs followed by opoids
iii. Cleaning of wound
iv. Exploration and diagnosis
v. Debridement
vi. Repair of Structures, splinting of fractures
vii. Replacement of lost tissue where indicated
viii. Skin cover if required
ix. Skin closure without tension
x. Tetanus Toxoid, Antibiotics (broad spectrum including anaerobic coverage)

5. What is the most important point that you will consider while doing a primary closure:
- presence of infection (if present it cannot be done)

6. Define Healing by primary intension.
- It is the healing of clean incised wounds such as surgical incision by re-epithelialization across the wound producing a neat thin scar.

7. Somehow you have managed to close the wound by primary closure but the next day you findthat the wound edges have turned black. What will you do next?
- Open the sutures, take swabs for cultures debride necrotic tissue and leave the wound open. Continue antibiotics.

8. Define Granulation tissue. 

- It is a soft, pink, granular tissue that is formed during wound healing. It consists of small new blood vessels and proliferation of fibroblasts.

9. What is healing by secondary intention?
- It is the type of healing that takes place in wounds with unopposed edges where there is granulation, contraction, and epithelialization.

10. What is the next best alternative if one cannot close the wound primarily? 
- Repair by delayed primary repair: Wound initially left open and edges later apposed when the healing conditions are favorable. 

Important Definitions in Oral Pathology

Neoplasm
A neoplasm, as defined by Willis, is 'an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.'

Premalignant / Precancerous lesion
A morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart.  - WHO 1973

Premalignant / Precancerous condition
A generalized state associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer. - WHO 1973

Potentially malignant Oral Diseases
The term Potentially Malignant Disorders was recommended to refer to precancer as it conveys that not all disorders described under this term may transform into cancer.  - Warnakulasuriya et al 2007

Leukoplakia
White patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. - WHO 1973

Leukoplakia should be used to recognize white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk of cancer.

It is to be noted that a lesion of leukoplakia is non-scrappable.

Erythroplakia
A fiery red patch that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other definable disease.  - WHO 1973

Oral Submucous Fibrosis
It is an insidious chronic disease affecting any part of the oral cavity and sometimes the pharynx. Although occasionally preceded by and/or associated with vesicle formation, it is always associated with a juxta- epithelial inflammatory reaction followed by a fibro-elastic change of the lamina propria with epithelial atrophy leading to stiffness of the oral mucosa and causing trismus and inability to eat.
- Pindborg and Associates

Cyst
A cyst is defined as ' a pathological cavity having fluid, semifluid or gaseous contents and which is not created by the accumulation of pus'. Most cysts, but not all, are lined by epithelium. - Kramer, 1974

Oncology: the study of neoplasms

Neoplasm: an uncontrolled new growth of tissue

Tumor: a localized swelling, may or may not be a true neoplasm

Hyperplasia: An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of component cells

Hypertrophy: an increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of component cells

Cancer: a general term for all malignant neoplasms

Carcinoma: a malignant epithelial neoplasm

Sarcoma: a malignant mesenchymal (connective tissue) neoplasm

Hamartoma: a developmental defect characterized by an overgrowth of tissues normal to the organ in which it arises

Teratoma: a neoplasm composed of multiple tissues foreign to the organ in which it arises; may be benign or malignant

Dental Amalgam : Uses, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages

An amalgam is defined as a special type of alloy in which mercury is one of the components. Dental amalgam is the most widely used filling material for posterior teeth. As one of the oldest restorative material, dental amalgam has evolved over time and has become successful to stand the test of time.
The quantity of mercury has been reduced over time and newer and newer components are incorporated in the alloy powder to reduce the corrosion of dental amalgam in the oral cavity.

HISTORY
Louis Regnart added mercury to the D’Arcet’s Mineral Cement mixture, which was widely used in France then, lowering the temperature required to boil the mixture significantly, and for this became known as the ‘Father of Amalgam’. Early amalgam was made by mixing mercury with the filings of silver coins. Crawcour brothers (from France) introduced the amalgam in the United States of America in 1833 which used to have significant expansion which even caused tooth fractures in some restorations. However, this challenge was overcome when in 1895, GV Black developed a
formula (67% silver, 27% tin, 5% copper, 1% zinc) for modern amalgam alloy. Black’s formula overcame the expansion problems of the existing amalgam formulations.

APPLICATIONS
1. As a permanent filling material for
— Class I and class II cavities, and
— Class V cavities where aesthetics is not important.

2. In combination with retentive pins to restore a crown

3. For making dies

4. In retrograde root canal fillings

5. As a core material.

CLASSIFICATION OF AMALGAM ALLOYS
BASED ON COPPER CONTENT
Low copper alloys: Contain less than 6% copper (conventional alloys)
High copper alloys: Contain between 13-30% copper.

The high copper alloys are further classified as:

• Admixed or dispersion or blended alloys.
• Single composition or unicomposition alloys.

BASED ON ZINC CONTENT

Zinc-containing alloys: Contain more than 0.01% zinc

Zinc-free alloys: Contain less than 0.01% zinc

BASED ON SHAPE OF THE ALLOY PARTICLE
Lathe cut alloys (irregular shape)
Spherical alloys
Spheroidal alloys

BASED ON NUMBER OF ALLOYED METALS
Binary alloys, e.g., silver-tin
Ternary alloys, e.g., silver-tin-copper
Quaternary alloys, e.g., silver-tin-copper-indium.

BASED ON SIZE OF ALLOY
Micro-cut
Macro-cut

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AMALGAM  RESTORATIONS
Advantages
1. Reasonably easy to insert.
2. Not overly technique sensitive.
3. Maintains anatomic form well.
4. Has adequate resistance to fracture.
5. After a period of time prevents marginal leakage.

6. Have reasonably long service life.
7. Cheaper than other alternative posterior restorative material like cast gold alloys.

Disadvantages
1. The color does not match tooth structure.
2. They are more brittle and can fracture if incorrectly placed.
3. They are subject to corrosion and galvanic action.
4. They eventually show marginal breakdown.
5. They do not bond to tooth structure.
6. A risk of mercury toxicity.