MBBS / BDS Medical Entrance Examination - Cardiovascular System MCQs

# Immunological function of blood is due to:
A. Monocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Acidophils
D. Neutrophils

# Blood constitutes how much percent of body part ?
A. 15 %
B. 20 %
C. 65 %
D. 8 %

Periodontics MCQs - Periodontal Microbiology

# Of the following four bacterial species, which is least likely to be found in plaque ?
A. Actinomyces viscosus
B. Streptococcus mutans
C. Streptococcus salivarius
D. Streptococcus sanguis

# The common etiology of periodontitis is:
A. Occlusal trauma
B. Systemic factors
C. Local irritating factors
D. Hormonal defects

# Predominant bacteria found in two days old plaque is:
A. Streptococci
B. Bacteroides
C. Spirochaetes
D. Actinomyces

# In deep older plaque :
A. Streptococci and Actinomyces are replaced by rod-like organism
B. Streptococci are completely replaced by Neisseria
C. Streptococci, Actinomyces and Veilonella remain prominent
D. Actinomyces are completely replaced by Streptococci

# Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is commonly associated with:
A. Juvenile periodontitis
B. Adult periodontitis
C. Refractory periodontitis
D. All of the above

# Supragingival plaque causes:
A. Gingivitis
B. Periodontitis
C. Pericoronitis
D. Aphthous ulcers

# The organism least likely to be found in normal gingival crevices is:
A. Fusobacterium
B. Actinomyces
C. Diptheroids
D. Streptococci

# The sticky polysaccharide present in dental plaque is:
A. Dextran
B. Dextrin
C. Glycogen
D. Sucrose

# Which of the following organisms is not implicated in the etiology of periodontal disease:
A. Bacteroides
B. Wolinella
C. Neisseria
D. Eikenella

# Bacteria, which are not found in normal healthy periodontium, are:
A. Actinomyces
B. Capnocytophaga
C. Veillonella
D. Eubacterium

# Most important initiative factor for periodontitis is:
A. Dental plaque
B. Calculus
C. Trauma from occlusion
D. Food debris layer

# Dental plaque adheres to the tooth because:
A. Levans are gummy
B. Dextrans are insoluble and sticky
C. Plaque grows into the irregularities
D. Microorganisms produce sticky lipoproteins

# In which of the following conditions is the role of microbial plaque most obscure:
A. Periodontitis
B. Juvenile periodontitis
C. Desquamative gingivitis
D. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

# "Corn-cub" appearance is seen in:
A. Supragingival calculus
B. Subgingival calculus
C. Supragingival plaque
D. Subgingival plaque

# Central gram negative core supporting outer coccal cells are called:
A. Bristle brush arrangement
B. Corncob arrangement
C. Bottlebrush arrangement
D. Hourglass arrangement

# Breakdown of periodontal fibers in periodontitis is due to bacterial enzyme:
A. Collagenase
B. Hyaluronidase
C. Coagulase
D. None of the above

# Pellicle formation involves:
A. Adsorption of acidic glycoproteins from saliva
B. Focal areas of mineralisation
C. Focal areas of necrosis
D. Bacterial colonisation

# Which of the follwing is the common factor for the initiation of both dental caries and periodontal disease?
A. bacterial plaque
B. lactic acid
C. calculus
D. no common factor

# Severe alveolar bone loss, as observed in juvenile periodontitis ia associated with:
A. Cyclic neutropenia
B. Lysis of neutrophils
C. Increased phagocytosis
D. Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis


# The inorganic component of plaque is primary:
A. Calcium and fluoride
B. Calcium and sodium
C. Calcium and phosphorus
D. Sodium and calcium

# Co-aggregation is mainly predominated by:
A. interaction between gram +ve bacteria
B. interaction between gram -ve bacteria
C. interaction between gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria
D. None of the above

# Which of the folowing is a periodontal pathogen?
A. S. sanguis
B. S. mutans
C. A. viscosus
D. P. gingivalis

# Increases in steroid hormones are associated with significant increases in:
A. Actinomyces viscosus
B. Prevotella intermedia
C. Streptococcus sanguis
D. Campylobacter rectus

# The carbohydrate not associated with dental plaque is:
A. Dextrose
B. Levans
C. Glucose
D. Rhamnose

# Specific plaque hypothesis was put forward by:
A. Jenco
B. Listgarten
C. Loesche
D. None of the above

# Which is the most numerous component of plaque?
A. Minerals
B. Food debris
C. Microorganisms
D. Leucocytes

# Which surface of tooth has most of plaque ?
A. Gingival third of tooth surface
B. Incisal one third of tooth surface
C. Middle third of tooth surface
D. Uniform on all surfaces

# A bacterial enzyme capable of altering the ground substance of the periodontal ligament is:
A. Amylase
B. Mucinase
C. Dextranase
D. Hyaluronidase

# In later phases of plaque development the organism which predominates is:
A. Staphylococci
B. Streptococci
C. Rods and filaments
D. Vibrio and Spirochetes

# Which of the following plaque is most harmful and causes spread of inflammation to the connective tissue leading to bone destruction?
A. Subgingival epithelial attached
B. Subgingival unattached
C. Subgingival plaque
D. Supragingival plaque

# Dental plaque is formed by reaction of enzymes on:
A. Sucrose and lipids
B. Glucose and proteins
C. Glucose and lipids
D. Sucrose and saliva

# The bacteria of oral flora which plays least role in periodontitis is:
A. Actinomyces
B. Actinomycetam comitans
C. Spirochetes
D. Bacteriodes

# Majority of oral microorganisms are:
A. Strict anaerobes
B. Gram positive bacilli
C. Spirochetes
D. Facultative anaerobes

# The bacterial flora associated with juvenile periodontitis is mainly:
A. Gram +ve aerobic cocci
B. Gram +ve anaerobic cocci
C. Gram -ve aerobic cocci
D. Gram -ve anaerobic cocci

# The inorganic component of subgingival plaque is derived from:
A. Saliva
B. Crevicular fluid
C. A and B
D. Fluids ingested

# Which of the following is the most likely source of collagenase ?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Bacteroides gingivalis
C. Treponema microdentum
D. Veilonella alkalescens

# Plaque differs from materia alba in:
A. presence of bacteria
B. presence of glycoprotein
C. presence of saliva
D. Absence of glycoprotein

# Bacteria in plaque form:
A. Intracellular polysaccharides
B. Extracellular polysaccharides
C. Both A and B
D. Complex polysaccharides

# Which of the following is first formed after tooth brushing?
A. Materia alba
B. Plaque
C. Pellicle
D. Calculus

# Pellicle is a:
A. Salivary protein
B. Plaque
C. Microorganism
D. Calculus

# Pre-requisite for plaque formation:
A. Pellicle
B. Glycoprotein
C. Mucopolysaccharide
D. Dextran

# Tanerella forsythia is a ___________ periodontal pathogen.
A. Gram positive, non obligate
B. Non pleomorphhic rod
C. non obligate anaerobe
D. non motile, spindle shaped

# Electronic instrument used to measure gingival crevicular fluid is:
A. Pericheck
B. Periotemp
C. Perioscan
D. Periotron

# Ecologic determinants of plaque depend on all except:
A. Sugar content of diet
B. Host resistance
C. Age and sex of the patient
D. Status of dentition

# Salivary pellicle is composed of the following except:
A. Immunoglobulin G
B. Immunoglobulin A
C. Amylase
D. Albumin

# Biofilm in general have:
A. Crystalline structure
B. Stereoline structure
C. Organized structure
D. Disorganized structure

# A test that can be used for typing of class I histocompatibility antigens is:
A. Cell mediated Lympholysis (CML)
B. Donor-recepient mixed lymphocyte response
C. Primed lymphocyte typing
D. Antibody and complement mediated cytotoxicity

# Does sub-gingival scaling alters the microflora of periodontal pocket?
A. never gets altered
B. alters aerobes only
C. gets altered
D. alters anaerobes only

# The primary etiological factor in the development of furcation defect is:
A. Calculus
B. Plaque
C. Cemental caries
D. Root infection

# A glycoprotein that promotes new attachment and increased cell proliferation is:
A. Fibronectin
B. Fibropectin
C. Glycogen
D. Glycosaminoglycans

# In periodontal disease, ground substance is dissolved by:
A. Hyaluronidase
B. Coagulase
C. Phosphorylase
D. Acid phosphatase

# The biofilms found on tooth surface are termed as:
A. Enamel
B. Dental Caries
C. Dental Plaque
D. Saliva

# The lactoperoxidase thiocynate system present in saliva is against:
A. A. actinomycetemcomitans
B. Streptococcus
C. P. Gingivalis
D. Actinomyces

# Which is the enzyme that prevents the adhesion of Actinomyces to the tooth structure?
A. Enolase
B. Glucosyl transferase
C. Xanthine oxidase
D. Myeloperoxidase

# Commonly isolated organism from oral cavity is:
A. Streptococcus sanguis
B. Streptococcus pyogens
C. Neisseria gonorrhoea
D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

# Primary colonization of plaque is dominated by:
A. Facultative aerobic gram +ve rods
B. Facultative anaerobic gram -ve rods
C. Facultative aerobic gram negative cocci
D. Facultative anaerobic gram +ve cocci

# Periodontitis is caused by:
A. Malnutrition
B. Supragingival plaque
C. Biofilm
D. Faulty toothbrushing

# The gram negative bacteria most numerous in oral cavity is:
A. Streptococci
B. Veillonella
C. Selenomous
D. Eikenella

# Which one of the following species of Streptococci is usually not found in dental plaque?
A. S. mutans
B. S. sanguis
C. S. pyogens
D. S. salivarius

# Which component of diet affects plaque composition ?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Mineral
C. Protein
D. Fats/lipids

# Microorganism which uses steroids as growth factor is:
A. P. gingivalis
B. P. intermedia
C. S. sanguis
D. S. mutans

# Which of the following is the method of transferring information in a biofilm ?
A. Quorum sensing
B. Conjugation
C. Plasmid transfer
D. All of the above


# The growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis is enhanced by a metabolic byproduct succinate produced by:
A. Streptococcus
B. Capnocytophaga
C. Actinomyces
D. Veillonella

# All of the following organisms can be detected by BANA analysis except:
A. Tannerella forsythia
B. Porphyromonas gingivalis
C. Capnocytophaga
D. A. actinomycetemcomitans

# Bacteria in plaque are held together by:
A. Hydrophobic forces
B. Covalent forces
C. Vander waal's forces
D. All of the above

# Which one of the following complexes of periodontal microorganisms is associated with bleeding on probing?
A. Red complex
B. Orange complex
C. Green complex
D. Yellow complex

# Bacterial communication with each other in a biofilm is known as:
A. Corncob formations
B. Coaggregations
C. Quorum sensing
D. Translocation

# Which is characteristic of supragingival plaque and not of subgingival plaque in Humans?
A. motile bacteria are predominant
B. Spirochaetes are evident microscopically
C. gram negative bacteria are predominant
D. bacterial composition is altered by dietary sugar composition

# The number of bacteria in the oral cavity is greater:
A. in the morning
B. after meals
C. at night
D. after brushing

# Which of the following substances play a major role in regulating cell to cell and cell- matrix interaction in cementum?
A. Sharpey's fibers
B. Intrinsic fibers
C. Proteoglycans
D. Phosphoproteins

# Enterococcus fecalis in post treatment periodontitis:
A. cultured easily and disinfected
B. disinfected with saline and hydrogen peroxide
C. Tolerate pH upto 11.5
D. Treated with intracanal medicaments

# After enamel has been exposed to bacteria, irreversible bacterial colonization takes place in about:
A. 24 hours
B. Few minutes
C. 1-2 hours
D. 2-4 hours

# Supragingival plaque undergoes which of the following changes with time?
A. Plaque mass increases
B. Plaque microflora becomes more gram positive
C. Plaque microflora becomes more gram negative
D. Plaque microflora becomes predominantly spirochetal

# The red complex associated with bleeding in probing comprises of:
A. E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga
B. A. naeslundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus
C. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola
D. Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter

# Black pigmented bacteroides release ______ as agent responsible for unpleasant smell of breath.
A. methyl mercaptan
B. Hydrogen sulphide
C. dimethyl sulphide
D. Propionic acid

# Which of the following is true about tooth associated subgingival plaque?
A. has both gram +ve and -ve bacteria
B. extends till the junctional epithelium
C. may penetrate cementum
D. associated with gingivitis and periodontitis

# According to Glickman, maximum accumulation of plaque takes place in approximately:
A. 7 days
B. 15 days
C. 30 days
D. 60 days

# After cleaning and pumicing the tooth surface, plaque formation takes place within:
A. a few minutes
B. half to one hour
C. 2 to 4 hour
D. after 6 hours

# Which of the following species is found in abundance in adult plaque?
A. Fusobacterium
B. Leptotrichia
C. Bacteroides
D. All of the above

# Bacterial "finger printing" reveals that periodontal pathogens are:
A. Contagious
B. Non - contagious
C. Transmissible within member of same colonies
D. Non transmissible

CNS Questions Pathology - Yearwise Sorted

2016
1. Enumerate the CSF findings and morphological changes in the brain in case of Tuberculosis meningitis. (2.5+2.5=5)

2. Write brief about diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma. (5)

2015
1. Enlist the indication and contraindication of lumbar puncture. (3+2=5)

2. Describe the microscopic features of astrocytoma in a child. (2)

3. Describe the brain abscess under following heading: (1.5x2=3)
a. Gross and microscopic feature
b. Complication

2014
1. Enumerate the degenerative disease of basal ganglia and brain stem. Write about the microscopy changes seen in Alzheimer’s disease. (1+4=5)

2. Mention the most important cause and age of occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Describe its location with the help of a well-labeled diagram. (1+1+3=5)


2013
1. Write briefly on sub-arachnoid hemorrhage with a labeled diagram of major vessels involved. (3+2=5)
2. Describe the morphologic features of Alzheimer’s disease. (5)

2012
1. Describe the microscopic picture of Alzheimer’s disease. (5)

2. Draw a well labeled diagram of anatomical location of Berry aneurysm. Write its gross description. (3+2=5)

2011
1. Classify Astrocytoma. Describe Diffuse Astrocytoma in detail. (5)

2. Compare and contrast CSF findings of normal from Tuberculous Meningitis. (5)

2010
1. Write CSF findings in different types of meningitis in tabulated form. (3)

2. Classify CNS tumors. (2)

3. Write briefly about Multiple Sclerosis. (5)

CNS Questions Biochemistry - Yearwise sorted

2016
1. Explain the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (2)

2. What are the indications of CSF analysis? Explain the utility of measuring some biochemical parameters in CSF. (3)

2015
1. Mention the role of neurotransmitter in development of Schizophrenia. (5)

2014
1. Write the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (2)

2. Explain how biochemical examination of CSF helps in differential diagnosis of meningeal diseases. (3)

2013
1. Mention the possible biochemical events involved in Alzheimer disease. (3)

2. List four properties of acetylcholine receptor. (2)


2012
1. List the genetic culprit proteins leading to alzheimer’s disease. (3)

2. Write the biochemical pathway of epinephrine neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain. (2)

2011
1. Explain with a diagram the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (5)

2010
1. Mention the steps of epinephrine synthesis and breakdown. (2)

2. Explain the biochemical basis of myasthenia gravis. (3)

CNS Questions Physiology - Yearwise sorted

2016
1. Describe three basic functions of cerebrospinal fluid. (6)

2. Write about the spatial and temporal summation of postsynaptic potentials. (1.5+1.5=3)

3. How is a generator potential similar and different from a receptor potential? (1.5+1.5=3)

4. What is referred pain? How is it useful in diagnosing internal disorder? (1+2=3)

5. List and explain the pathways that control the motor activity of distal muscles. (4)

6. What is dysdiadochokinesia? It is observed in lesions of which part of the brain and why? (2+1+2=5)

7. What is muscle spindle? Draw a well labeled diagram of it. Explain briefly the role of gamma motor neuron on it. (1+3+2=6)

8. List the centers in the categorical hemisphere that are concerned with language comprehension and explain their functions. (4)

9. What is a conditional reflex? Explain operant conditioning with its physiological significance. (2+4=6)

2015
1. Define adequate stimulus. Describe briefly the “Law of Specific Nerve Energies”. (5)

2. Tabulate the differences between electrical and chemical synapse. (5)

3. Compare and contrast between excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (5)

4. Draw a well labeled diagram of a muscle spindle. Explain the role of gamma fiber on stretch reflex. (5)

5. Explain the mechanism how semicircular canals detect person’s head is rotating or stopped. (4)

6. Tabulate and list the following:
a. Name of the medial and lateral descending pathways.
b. Muscles they control and
c. Their functions

7. Define Habituation. Explain the mechanism involved for Habituation. (6)

8. Describe pathways of speech activated through perceived written language. (4)

2014
1. Explain the mechanism of CSF formation. Mention any two functions of CSF. (3+2=5)

2. State the law of projection. Elaborate this law with a suitable example. (2+3=5)

3. Define receptor. Write down its any three properties. (2+3=5)

4. Describe the decerebrate rigidity. (5)

5. Tabulate and list the principal postural reflexes integrated at the level of the midbrain, their stimulus, response and receptors. (5)

6. Tabulate & compare between habituation and sensitization. (5)

7. List any two functions of parieto-occipitotemporal association area and describe any one of them. (1+4=5)

8. Define circadian rhythm. State its relationship with sleep-wakefulness with reference to melatonin. (5)


2013
1. Describe the stages of non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) sleep based on EEG findings. (6)

2. Explain the mechanism of long-term potentiation involved for long-term memory. (4)

3. Briefly describe the muscle spindle with diagram and analyze their function that controls muscle length. (5)

4. Briefly describe how the receptors in the vestibular apparatus detect angular and linear acceleration. (5)

5. Describe the neural circuitry of basal ganglia with the help of the diagram. (5)

6. With the help of a flow diagram, explain the neuronal descending pain inhibiting system. (5)

7. Explain synaptic inhibition with the help of suitable examples. (5)

8. Explain the adaptation of sensory receptors with the help of suitable examples. (5)

2012
1. Describe cross extensor reflex with its reflex arc. Mention its termination. (4+2=6)

2. Mention any two functions of each of the following. (2+2=4)
a. Vestibulo-cerebellum
b. Cerebro-cerebellum

3. Draw a well labeled diagram of putamen circuit through basal ganglia and mention its one important function. (4+1=5)

4. Tabulate and compare the spatial and temporal summation of synaptic transmission with schematic diagram. (5)

5. Define sensory unit and receptive field of sensory unit. Explain importance of lateral inhibition with a suitable diagram. (2+3=5)

6. Explain endogenous pain relief system of the body. (5)

7. Describe paradoxical sleep. (5)

8. Diagrammatically show the neural pathway involved for spelling heard word in a blind person. (5)

2011
1. Define receptor potential. Mention any two mechanisms of fast adaptation of Pacinian corpuscles. (1+2+2=5)

2. Describe spatial summation with diagram. (3)

3. Describe referred pain with an example and mention underlying mechanism with suitable diagram. (2+3=5)

4. A 43-year-old woman is brought to her primary care physician by her family because of concerns about her forgetfulness. Over the last year, she has become more forgetful. Once easy tasks (such as placing a telephone call, following directions, and housekeeping) are now becoming difficult. She has become lost, walking around the grounds and has difficulty naming objects and telling time. She often does not recognize old friends and forgets previous conversations. Physical examination confirms many of the memory and cognitive deficits. After a thorough workup, no specific etiology can be found, and the patient is diagnosed with Alzheimer disease. Now, answer the following questions:
a. What type of memory is available for conscious retrieval?
b. Which part of the brain stores semantic (factual) memories?
c. What is long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)?

5. Write short notes on: (4+4=8)
a. Alpha waves in EEG
b. NREM sleep

6. Tabulate the differences in context to speech, comprehension, and repetition of various forms of aphasia. (4)

7. Describe the role of muscle spindle in stretch reflex. (4)

8. Describe in brief the functions of different functional divisions of the cerebellum. (4)

9. List the functional differences between autonomic and somatic motor systems. (4)

2010
1. Enumerate the relationship between circadian rhythm and sleep wake cycle. (5)

2. Name the brain areas involved in language and describe their functions in it. (1+4=5)

3. Explain motivation and addiction in terms of brain area and pathway involved in it. (5)

4. Describe the acute effects of spinal shock. (5)

5. Describe pathophysiology of pain. (5)

6. Describe the function of cerebellum. (5)

7. Describe how a written word is interpreted by brain. (5)

8. State the brain areas for learning with their functions. (5)

Unit 5 Central Nervous System paper IIIB - Anatomy Questions

2016
1. Draw a well labeled diagram of transverse section of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus. (5)

2. Write down the blood supply of internal capsule with suitable diagram. (5)

3. Mention the blood vessels forming the Circle of Willis along with diagram. (5)

4. Name the lobes of cerebral cortex. Name the functional areas & the functions related to any one lobe of cerebral cortex. (5)

1st year MBBS - Basic Sciences - paper IB - Internal Assessment January 2011

Numbers in the brackets indicate marks allocated.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

SECTION - A

1. Define shock. Enumerate types of shock. Describe briefly the stages of Septic shock. (1+1+3=5)

2. Define Neoplasia. What are the modes of spread of malignant tumors? Give one example each. (1.5+2+1.5=5)

3. Define Edema. Mention the pathophysiologic causes of edema. (2+3=5)

4. Define thrombus. What are the predisposing factors of thrombus formation? Enumerate the fates of a thrombus. (1+2+2=5)

5. Differentiate between dystrophic and metastatic calcification. (5)

6. Write short notes on: (5+5=10)
a. Type I hypersensitivity reaction
b. Autosomal dominant disease

SECTION - B

7. Write briefly on: (5*4=20)
a. Gram's Staining
b. Cultivation of Viruses
c. Genetic transfer of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial population
d. Common disinfectants used in  hospital

8. Draw a schematic diagram of Bacteriophage and mention its medical importance. (2.5+2.5=5)

9. Define nosocomial infection and briefly outline the approach to prevent this infection. (5)

10. Tabulate the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (5)

SECTION - C

11. Write briefly on the following with suitable examples: (5*6=30)
a. First pass metabolism
b. Topical routes of administration
c. Redistribution
d. Receptors antagonism
e. Tolerance
f. Cell cycle Kinetics

12. Define adverse drug reaction. Classify adverse drug reaction with examples. (5)

13. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse drug effects of the following: (5*4=20)
a. Amantadine
b. Amphotericin
c. Cloxacillin
d. Doxycycline

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