# Which of the following materials cannot be used as a base under composite restorations?
A. Zinc Phosphate
B. Zinc Polycarboxylate
C. Zinc Oxide Eugenol
D. Glass Ionomer Cement
Answer: C. Zinc Oxide Eugenol.
Reason: Residual free eugenol interferes with the proper setting of resin-based composites or resin cements. Therefore, various types of carboxylic acids have been used to replace eugenol and produce a ZOE-like material. These products are called zinc oxide-non eugenol cements.
Reference: Phillip's Science of Dental Materials, 12th Edition, Page No. 331
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#MCQ 3 # Which of the following materials could be used for cementing a bridge as well as restoring a cervical lesion?
# Which of the following materials could be used for cementing a bridge as well as restoring a cervical lesion?
A. Glass Ionomer cement
B. Zinc Polycarboxylate
C. Zinc Phosphate
D. Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Answer:
Correct Answer is: A. Glass Ionomer Cement
Only glass ionomer is used as a cement (luting agent) and a permanent restorative material.
Glass ionomer cement is often used for root surface carious lesions because of the potential advantage of fluoride release in helping to control the spread of caries.
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A. Glass Ionomer cement
B. Zinc Polycarboxylate
C. Zinc Phosphate
D. Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Answer:
Correct Answer is: A. Glass Ionomer Cement
Only glass ionomer is used as a cement (luting agent) and a permanent restorative material.
Glass ionomer cement is often used for root surface carious lesions because of the potential advantage of fluoride release in helping to control the spread of caries.
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# MCQ 2 : Gutta Percha is Plasticized/Softened by:
# Gutta Percha is plasticized / softened by:
A. Alcohol
B. Chloroform
C. Eugenol
D. EDTA
Ans:
Reference: Grossman's Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition Page no. 366
Correct answer is B. Chloroform
Gutta Percha can be plasticized by chemical solvents such as Chloroform, Eucalyptol, or xylol which enables the gutta percha to flow into small and curved wavy canals.
MCQ 1: The Largest Component of Gutta Percha Cones is:
# The Largest Component of Gutta Percha Cones is:
A. Gutta Percha
B. Zinc Oxide
C. Resins and Waxes
D. Coloring Agents
A. Gutta Percha
B. Zinc Oxide
C. Resins and Waxes
D. Coloring Agents
Why dentists should charge higher?
Most Dentists and Dental Students assume that dental extraction is a relatively easy procedure which takes less time to perform and they need not charge much for extractions because all you need is few milliliters of Local anesthetic, a pair of gloves and some reusable instruments which need to be autoclaved. So, in the fear that their competitor could charge less for the dental extraction and acquire more customers because we all have realized that Nepal, India, and Asia in general, is a price-sensitive economy, dentists prefer to charge less than they actually should have charged for dental extractions. Non - Asian dental patients are price sensitive too because dental treatment is something the general public has envisioned as a costly treatment. But, it is to be noted that Dentists in Asia are actually charging very less for dental extractions as well as other dental treatments and they should charge many times higher for the treatment than they are currently charging. Here are some reasons to justify it.
1. Dental Treatment is a One-to-One Patient Care
You cannot treat three patients at once however easy the procedure is or however flooded with patients your dental clinic is. Each patient has to be given sufficient time and instruments and chair should be set up and customized as per the necessity for every patient. This will take time. So, you can do only a limited number of patients on any given day, you cannot work 18 hours a day!! But does that mean we should charge an outrageous amount to a patient if very few patients come to our clinic? Not actually. They just need to be charged sufficiently so that you would not have to worry a bit about how many patients you can do today.
2. The cost of saving a Tooth
As Miguel de Cervantes said, "Every tooth in a man's head is more valuable than a diamond." The value of the tooth is reflected by the cost needed to remove it from the socket. People don't have to pay for keeping the teeth in their mouth. They know its importance only when they are lost. And when you charge just Rs. 500 (5 USD) to extract a tooth because it's easy and takes no time, you're telling them by your actions that they are not valuable, and more importantly, they are given a choice of sacrificing the tooth for a petty sum of money, instead of preserving it (if restoration or root canal treatment were possible) by paying a bit more money. People insist to have their restorable teeth removed just because they think you are trying to extort their hard earned money. So, the cost of dental extraction should be invariably higher than any restorative treatment efforts.
1. Dental Treatment is a One-to-One Patient Care
You cannot treat three patients at once however easy the procedure is or however flooded with patients your dental clinic is. Each patient has to be given sufficient time and instruments and chair should be set up and customized as per the necessity for every patient. This will take time. So, you can do only a limited number of patients on any given day, you cannot work 18 hours a day!! But does that mean we should charge an outrageous amount to a patient if very few patients come to our clinic? Not actually. They just need to be charged sufficiently so that you would not have to worry a bit about how many patients you can do today.
2. The cost of saving a Tooth
As Miguel de Cervantes said, "Every tooth in a man's head is more valuable than a diamond." The value of the tooth is reflected by the cost needed to remove it from the socket. People don't have to pay for keeping the teeth in their mouth. They know its importance only when they are lost. And when you charge just Rs. 500 (5 USD) to extract a tooth because it's easy and takes no time, you're telling them by your actions that they are not valuable, and more importantly, they are given a choice of sacrificing the tooth for a petty sum of money, instead of preserving it (if restoration or root canal treatment were possible) by paying a bit more money. People insist to have their restorable teeth removed just because they think you are trying to extort their hard earned money. So, the cost of dental extraction should be invariably higher than any restorative treatment efforts.
Kantipur Dental College - Oral Pathology - Pre- Board Examination, October 2018
Kantipur Dental College
BDS Program
Pre- Board Examination, October 2018
Subject: Oral Pathology Level : BDS Third Year
Time: 2 Hours and 30 Minutes
Full Marks: 50
SECTION 'B' - 25 Marks
1. Define Dental caries. Discuss the histological features of enamel caries. [1+5=6]
2. Enumerate the potentially malignant disorders affecting the oral cavity. Describe the pathogenesis and histological gradings of OSMF. [1+2+2=5]
3. Enumerate the proliferative lesions of the oral cavity. Add a note on epithelial papilloma. [2+3=5]
4. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. Garre's Osteomyelitis
b. Carcinoma In Situ
c. Kaposi's Sarcoma
2. Enumerate the potentially malignant disorders affecting the oral cavity. Describe the pathogenesis and histological gradings of OSMF. [1+2+2=5]
3. Enumerate the proliferative lesions of the oral cavity. Add a note on epithelial papilloma. [2+3=5]
4. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. Garre's Osteomyelitis
b. Carcinoma In Situ
c. Kaposi's Sarcoma
[Section 'C' 25 marks]
5. A 40 year old male patient came with the complaint of a non healing ulcer on his lateral border of tongue since three and half months.
a. Write the differential diagnosis of an ulcer on the oral cavity. [2]
The patient had habit of using tobacco for 3-4 years but had stopped since 5 years. On examination, the ulcer was indurated having rolled out border and was painful. The lymph nodes were painful and mobile.
b. What is the most likely diagnosis? [1]
c. Discuss the histological features and its different grades. [2+1=3]
6. Enumerate the benign connective tissue tumors of the oral cavity. Write in Brief on Hemangioma. [2+3=5]
7. Enlist the family of Pemphigus. Discuss the pathogenesis and histological features of Pemphigus vulgaris. [1+2+2=5]
8. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. Tzanck Test
b. Teeth as an age estimation tool
c. Stomatitis nicotina palatine
a. Write the differential diagnosis of an ulcer on the oral cavity. [2]
The patient had habit of using tobacco for 3-4 years but had stopped since 5 years. On examination, the ulcer was indurated having rolled out border and was painful. The lymph nodes were painful and mobile.
b. What is the most likely diagnosis? [1]
c. Discuss the histological features and its different grades. [2+1=3]
6. Enumerate the benign connective tissue tumors of the oral cavity. Write in Brief on Hemangioma. [2+3=5]
7. Enlist the family of Pemphigus. Discuss the pathogenesis and histological features of Pemphigus vulgaris. [1+2+2=5]
8. Write short notes on: [3*3=9]
a. Tzanck Test
b. Teeth as an age estimation tool
c. Stomatitis nicotina palatine
Dental pain is NOT the ONLY symptom of Dental Diseases
Most people don't know that dental pain is not the only symptom of dental diseases. Even we dentists before going to the dental college were unaware of the fact that the teeth may never be painful but are lost untimely due to periodontitis. In fact, there is no such thing as untimely loss. If you lose your permanent teeth before you die, that is untimely loss of teeth. Because, you need to eat until the day you die. And, When you lose your teeth earlier, your choices of food change, your amount of food changes and your speech becomes less understandable and children and youngsters hate being around with you because of the foul odor emanating from your oral cavity. Let's discuss some symptoms other than dental pain that may be an indication of oral and dental disease for which you need to see a dentist for consultation.
1. Loosening of teeth
Loosening of teeth which used to be firm can be due to various reasons including trauma, periodontitis, trauma from occlusion, and any other underlying pathology. Whenever calculus deposits around teeth and harbors a lot of plaque and bacteria, the gums start receding and the teeth appear longer. The bony support to the teeth is also compromised as the height of alveolar bone also decreases. As a result teeth start to feel loose. But, this phenomenon is completely painless. You'll probably lose your teeth in next few years if you ignore these symptoms.
2. Bleeding of Gums while brushing
Bleeding of gums is the first clinical sign of gingivitis, which is a technical term for inflammation of the gums or gingiva. Whenever the oral hygiene is poor and plaque and calculus deposits develop, then the gums become reddish and enlarged, tend to bleed more easily. If not treated in time, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis and more unfavorable will be the prognosis of the teeth.
3. Foul Breath
Foul breath is the most disgusting thing which could turn off your nearest ones and may affect your life emotionally and financially as well. How can you convince a potential customer for sale if he runs away from you from a two-meter distance? This could be due to a lot of disorders which may originate in any part of the Gastrointestinal tract up to the stomach and sometimes even due to nasal and sinus cavity problems. Whatever may be the cause, it can be diagnosed and symptoms could be minimized. Most of the cases are due to tongue coating and presence of deep pockets in the gingiva. Proper oral hygiene and Oral prophylaxis will help to promote overall oral health as well as this particular symptom.
Likewise, there are many problems other than dental pain such as pus discharge from the gums, painful ulcers on the tongue and corners of mouth, yellowish hue of teeth, blackening of teeth and many more. You need not wait till the toothache is intolerable for consulting a dentist. A simple cavity that could have been restored two months back might deteriorate into a deep pulpitis which requires a root canal treatment costing you more time, money and suffering.
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