(A). Socransky
(B). Glickman
(C). Carranza
(D). Orban
The correct answer is: A. Socransky
Koch postulates were modified for periodontitis by:
# Koch postulates were modified for periodontitis by
(A). Socransky
(B). Glickman
(C). Carranza
(D). Orban
The correct answer is: A. Socransky
(A). Socransky
(B). Glickman
(C). Carranza
(D). Orban
The correct answer is: A. Socransky
Why is dental treatment expensive?
You must have gaped when you first time heard your dentist's fee for a single appointment if you live in North America, Europe or Australia. Although, dentistry is much cheaper in South Asia and other parts of the world not mentioned above, dentists make a good income and their earning rises over years as they gain more clinical experience. But, you may be thinking it is not justified that some dentists charge thousands of dollars for the work of an hour or two. Let's see some of the possible causes why dental treatment is so expensive.
A. Dentistry is not only about knowledge
Dentists gain their expertise in dentistry after long years of study, clinical practice and experience which really has no shortcuts. Knowing the thing is not enough, dentists have to visualise and do the procedures in the same ideal way everytime they do something. Precision and manual dexterity is something that develops after years of practice and an inquisitive mind. If you don't regard your teeth precious and would not bother if they have to be extracted after some slipshod work by a careless dentist, then you can google search for "cheapest dentist in the town", "cheapest dental clinic", "Dental treatment at minimum price" or something similar. But, if you would like to have quality treatment and value your teeth as much as your life, you must seek references from someone who has had a good dental experience and not to choose your dentist solely based upon your financial condition.
B. Dentistry is a one-to-one patient care
The most experienced dentist in the world and the best dentist in the world also can treat only one patient at a time. Dentistry is not only based on medications and counseling, it involves some procedures which take time that nobody can predict accurately. A seemingly easy tooth extraction may take hours following crown fracture and a patient appearing healthy may go into syncope after injecting the local anesthetic. Some weeping canals take more than five or six visits to become asymptomatic and ready for obturation. Even after the dentist becomes very experienced, things take time, healing takes time. It is said that time is the most precious thing in the world which nobody can buy. But, we are selling our time everyday for some price. Some for very low price, some for reasonable prices and some are getting highly paid for their time. And, it is quite understandable that a good dentist must charge higher.
C. A dentist is as good as his instruments and materials
Dental materials have evolved over years and require a lot of research for their improvement. Their advances in the properties of materials and quality of dental treatment they provide gest reflected on the charge the patient has to pay for some procedure. Owning a clinic requires a lot of capital which would have made a lot of profit were it invested elsewhere. We must not neglect the opportunity cost of the capital as well as the dentist working on your mouth.
D. People have got dental problems, quite a lot, and a single dentist cannot solve them all
Imagine that one day all the people in the world with dental caries decided to have their cavity restored. Dental clinics will get overcrowded. Nobody could get quality treatment. Hasty works done result in more dire circumstances in the future. To prevent this, some dentists gradually increase their fees over the years just to that extent that they are not overburdened by the patients. However experienced a dentist may be, he or she cannot examine and treat more than 20 patients in the long run every single day. After few years of clinical practice, dentists develop back pain and may have to retire professionally due to physical difficulties. Keeping all these things in mind, they charge higher to compensate for that loss.
E. People are ready to pay anything for pain and fear
Dental pain is one of the most severe types of pain. Periodontal and other painless problems in oral cavity are neglected until the carious process reaches the pulp and the patient goes to the dental clinic jumping with pain. They want immediate relief and are ready to pay any price for it. But, they cannot wait for the appointment date. Because pain and fear are the largest industries in the world exploited by the multinational corporations. The cost of dental treatments could be reduced if preventive, rather than curative approach is done towards oral health.
F. Dentistry can always be done better
There are a lot of ways a dentist can improve. However good the dental work may be there is always some room for improvement. As they have reached certain level of confidence in their work and whenever they feel that they could charge higher without hurting the patients' sentiments and mutual benefits, dentists mark - up their charges.
These all could be the reasons some dentists make a lot of money and some struggle to get a job. What are the reasons do you think that some dentists charge higher and make a lot of money? Do comment below.
Bilateral Mandibular Fracture
# Following bilateral mandibular fracture in the canine region, the following muscles will tend to pull the mandible back:
A. Genioglossus and anterior belly of digastric
B. Genioglossus and mylohyoid
C. Genioglossus and thyrohyoid
D. Genioglossus and masseter
A. Genioglossus and anterior belly of digastric
B. Genioglossus and mylohyoid
C. Genioglossus and thyrohyoid
D. Genioglossus and masseter
The correct answer is A. Genioglossus and anterior belly of digastric
- Symphysis fracture displacement result from action of mylohyoid muscle resulting from imbalance of action of museles attached to genial tubercles on either side.
- Bilateral fracture in canine region when run obliquely forward muscles acting on it are geniohyoid and genioglossus and anterior belly of digastric muscles.
- Lateral pterygoid muscles inserted into medial fossa on anterior aspect of condyle.
- In condylar fracture head is displaced anteriorly and medially
#Recurrent vesicles which are distributed along the sensory nerve trunk
# The Lesion which is erythematous and with recurrent vesicles that are distributed along the sensory nerve trunk is?
(A). Herpes Zoster
(B). Erythema Multiforme
(C). Recurrent Aphthous
(D). Herpes Gingivostomatitis
The correct answer is A. Herpes Zoster.
VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS
HERPES-ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
Herpes Zoster is a recurrent regional infection caused by the Herpes Zoster virus and is characterized by vesicular eruptions over the skin and mucous membrane in a distinctively unilateral pattern.
Pathogenesis
After producing chickenpox, the V-Z virus remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion for decades. The virus may become reactivated following stress, trauma, malnutrition and immune suppression, etc.
Clinical Features
The first branch of the trigeminal nerve is most commonly affected and the disease beside affecting the first branch, may also involve the following other branches like:
- Nasociliary nerve-Causing herpetic Keratitis
Ciliary nerve- Causing Argyll Robertson pupil.
-Facial nerve- Causing Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
- After the prodromal phase of intense pain, the disease produces clusters of vesicles over the skin and oral mucosa; which characteristically develop on one side of the face up to the midline.
- The lesion usually develops and spreads along the distribution of the sensory nerve unilaterally on one side of the face, while the other side of the face remains completely free of symptoms.
- Within the oral cavity the vesicles also develop unilaterally over the buccal mucosa, soft palate and tongue, etc. and cause stinging pain, paresthesia and severe stomatitis.
- In due course of time the fragile vesicular lesions of the skin and the oral mucosa rupture and they leave painful, 'crateriform' ulcers.
Histopathology
- Herpes-zoster is histologically characterized by swelling of the infected epithelial cell cytoplasms due to intracellular edema (ballooning degeneration).
Clinical: The disease is nearly always diagnosed on the basis of its very characteristic clinical findings, e.g.
- Unilateral distribution of the lesion.
- Early severe pain and paresthesia.
- Facial rash accompanying the stomatitis.
Serology: The disease is diagnosed by the detection of virus-specific antibodies in the serum.
Cytologic smear: Cytologic smears prepared from the vesicular fluid reveal inclusion bodies and ballooning degeneration of the infected cell.
Culture: Tissue culture using vesicular contents produces change in the culture cells which could be correlated with the clinical findings found in the primary infection.
Immunofluorescence: HZV specific antibodies are labeled with a fluorescent dye and seen microscopically.
Treatment
Aniviral drugs such as acyclovir is given along with antibiotics to prevent secondary infections.
(A). Herpes Zoster
(B). Erythema Multiforme
(C). Recurrent Aphthous
(D). Herpes Gingivostomatitis
The correct answer is A. Herpes Zoster.
VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS
HERPES-ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
Herpes Zoster is a recurrent regional infection caused by the Herpes Zoster virus and is characterized by vesicular eruptions over the skin and mucous membrane in a distinctively unilateral pattern.
Pathogenesis
After producing chickenpox, the V-Z virus remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion for decades. The virus may become reactivated following stress, trauma, malnutrition and immune suppression, etc.
Clinical Features
The first branch of the trigeminal nerve is most commonly affected and the disease beside affecting the first branch, may also involve the following other branches like:
- Nasociliary nerve-Causing herpetic Keratitis
Ciliary nerve- Causing Argyll Robertson pupil.
-Facial nerve- Causing Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
- After the prodromal phase of intense pain, the disease produces clusters of vesicles over the skin and oral mucosa; which characteristically develop on one side of the face up to the midline.
- The lesion usually develops and spreads along the distribution of the sensory nerve unilaterally on one side of the face, while the other side of the face remains completely free of symptoms.
- Within the oral cavity the vesicles also develop unilaterally over the buccal mucosa, soft palate and tongue, etc. and cause stinging pain, paresthesia and severe stomatitis.
- In due course of time the fragile vesicular lesions of the skin and the oral mucosa rupture and they leave painful, 'crateriform' ulcers.
Histopathology
- Herpes-zoster is histologically characterized by swelling of the infected epithelial cell cytoplasms due to intracellular edema (ballooning degeneration).
Clinical: The disease is nearly always diagnosed on the basis of its very characteristic clinical findings, e.g.
- Unilateral distribution of the lesion.
- Early severe pain and paresthesia.
- Facial rash accompanying the stomatitis.
Serology: The disease is diagnosed by the detection of virus-specific antibodies in the serum.
Cytologic smear: Cytologic smears prepared from the vesicular fluid reveal inclusion bodies and ballooning degeneration of the infected cell.
Culture: Tissue culture using vesicular contents produces change in the culture cells which could be correlated with the clinical findings found in the primary infection.
Immunofluorescence: HZV specific antibodies are labeled with a fluorescent dye and seen microscopically.
Treatment
Aniviral drugs such as acyclovir is given along with antibiotics to prevent secondary infections.
Principal fibers of PDL
# All of these are principal fibers of Periodontal ligament except:
A. Dentoalveolar crest fibers
B. Apical fibers
C. Horizontal fibers
D. Transseptal fibers
The correct answer is:
D. Transseptal fibers
A. Dentoalveolar crest fibers
B. Apical fibers
C. Horizontal fibers
D. Transseptal fibers
The correct answer is:
D. Transseptal fibers
Principal
Fibers of Periodontal Ligament are:
-Alveolar
crest,
-horizontal,
-oblique,
-apical,
and
-interradicular
fiber
bundles
Boundaries of Pharynx
# Pharynx extends up to which cervical vertebra? [Nepal Medical Council, Dec 2019]
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6
The correct answer is D. C6
Pharynx
The word throat is used for the parts of the neck anterior to the vertebral column, especially the pharynx and the larynx. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system situated posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and posterior to the larynx. It is therefore divisible into nasal, oral, and laryngeal parts: the (1) nasopharynx, (2) oropharynx, and (3) laryngopharynx. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (around the C6 vertebral level), where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. Its superior aspect is related to the sphenoid and occipital bones and the posterior aspect to the prevertebral fascia and muscles as well as the upper six cervical vertebrae. The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube lined by mucous membrane.
Pharynx
The word throat is used for the parts of the neck anterior to the vertebral column, especially the pharynx and the larynx. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system situated posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and posterior to the larynx. It is therefore divisible into nasal, oral, and laryngeal parts: the (1) nasopharynx, (2) oropharynx, and (3) laryngopharynx. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (around the C6 vertebral level), where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. Its superior aspect is related to the sphenoid and occipital bones and the posterior aspect to the prevertebral fascia and muscles as well as the upper six cervical vertebrae. The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube lined by mucous membrane.
Extension of Pharynx
# Pharynx extends up to which cervical vertebra? [Nepal Medical Council, Dec 2019]
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)