Fracture of the tooth bearing segment

# The fracture of the tooth bearing segment of the mandible is:
a) Simple
b) Complex
c) Compound
d) Comminuted

The correct answer is C. Compound.

• Simple fracture includes linear fracture of condyle, coronoid ramus and edentulous body or mandible.

• Compound fracture include fractures of tooth bearing portions of mandible.

• Green stick fracture is a rare type of simple fracture and is found exclusively in children.

• Comminuted fracture are due to direct violence to mandible from penetrating sharp objects and missiles.

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Largest organ in the human body

# Largest organ in the body is:
A. Heart
B. Kidney
C. Skin
D. Liver

The correct answer is C. Skin.

Liver is the largest visceral organ in the body and is primarily in right hypochondrium and epigastric region,extending into left
hypochondrium ( or in right upper quadrant , extending into left upper quadrant)


Skin is the largest organ in human body.
Liver is the second largest organ of human body.
Liver is the largest gland in the human body.
The liver Is the largest of the abdominal viscera, occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity.

It occupies most of the right hypochondrium and epigastrium, and frequently extends into the left hypochondrium as far as the left lateral line. As the body grows from infancy to adulthood the liver rapidly increases in size. This period of growth reaches a plateau around 18 years and is followed by a gradual decrease in the iver weight from middle age. The ratio of liver to body weight decreases with growth from infancy to adulthood.

The liver weighs approximately 5% of the body weight in infancy and it decreases to approximately 2% in adulthood. The size of the liver also varies according to sex, age and body size. The narrow end of the wedge lies towards the left hypochondrium, and the anterior edge points anteriorly and inferiorly.

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Bisecting angle technique

# Bisecting angle technique is based on:
A. ALARA principle
B. SLOB Technique
C. Rule of Isometry
D. Convergence

The correct answer is C. Rule of Isometry.

The Bisecting angle technique is based on a simple geometric theorem, Cieszynski's rule of Isometry, which states that two triangles are equal when they share one complete side and have two equal angle.

Position of the film as close as possible to the lingual surface of the teeth, resting in the palate or on the floor of the mouth.

The plane of the film and the long axis of the teeth form an angle with its apex at the point where the film is in contact with the teeth.

Construct an imaginary line that bisects this angle and direct the central ray of the beam at right angles to this bisector.

This forms two triangles with two equal angles and  a common side. (the imaginary bisector)

Several methods can be used to support films intra orally for Bisecting angle projections.

The preferred method is to use a film holding instrument (e.g. The Snap-A-Ray) or Bisecting angle instrument. Both provide an external device for localizing the X ray beam.

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Pathognomic sign of mandibular fracture

# The most common pathognomic sign of mandibular fracture is:
a) Malocclusion
b) Sublingual hematoma
c) Deviation of the jaw on opening
d) Paraesthesia of the mental nerve

The correct answer is B. Sublingual hematoma.

Sublingual ecchymosis is considered as pathognomonic sign of mandibular fracture.

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Fracture of Mandible treatment

# The ideal treatment for fracture of the angle of mandible is:
a) Transosseous wiring
b) Intermaxillary fixation
c) Plating on the lateral side of the body of the mandible
d) Plating at the inferior border of the mandible

The correct answer is D. Plating at the inferior border of the mandible.

Compression plates are used at inferior border of mandible below the inferior dental canal. If there is opening of the upper border, it is necessary to apply a tension band in the form of arch bar or miniplates at the upper border.


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Gowgates technique Landmarks

# Extra-oral landmark for Gowgates technique of mandibular nerve block:
a) Corner of the mouth
b) Intertragic notch
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above

The correct answer is C. Both of the above

Landmarks for Gow-Gates technique:
a. Extraoral:
• Lower border of tragus (intertragic notch); • Corner of mouth
• Mesiolingual cusp of maxillary 2nd molar

 b. Intraoral:
• Height of injection established by placement of the needle tip just below the mesiolingual (mesiopalatal) cusp of maxillary second molar.
• Penetration of soft tissues just distal to the maxillary second molar at the highest established in the preceding step.

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Long duration of anesthesia

# Long duration anesthesia is achieved by:
a) 2% Lidocaine HCL +Epinephrine 1:200000
b) 3% Mepivacaine HCL
c) 4% Prilocaine HCL +Epinephrine 1:200000
d) 0.5% Bupivacaine+ Epinephrine 1:200000

The correct answer is D. 0.5% Bupivacaine+ Epinephrine 1:200000

Short Duration (pulpal anesthesia approximately 30 Minutes)
• Mepivacaine HCl 3%
- Prilocaine HCl 4% (by infiltration)

Intermediate Duration (Pulpal anesthesia approximately 60 Minutes) 
• Articaine HCL 4% + epinephrine 1:100,000 • Articaine HCl 4% +epinephrine 1:200,000
• Lidocaine HCl 2% +epinephrine 1:50,000
• Lidocaine HCl 2% +epinephrine 1:100,000
• Mepivacaine HCl 2% + levonordefrin 1:20,000
• Prilocaine HCl 4% (via nerve block only)
• Prilocaine HCl 4% +epinephrine 1:200,000

 Long Duration (Pulpal anesthesia approximately 90+ Minutes) 
• Bupivacaine HCl 0.5% + epinephrine 1:200,000 (by nerve block)

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