Chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to:

# Chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to:

a) Tuberculous thyroiditis 

b) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

c) Dequervain's thyroiditis 

d) Riedel's thyroiditis

The correct answer is B. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Hashmimoto's thyroiditis:

• Most common type of thyroiditis

• Autoimmune; raised titres of thyroid antibodies.

• Mild hyperthyroidism may be present initially but hypothyroidism is inevitable.

• Characteristic 'bosselated' feel with soft, rubbery or firm in consistency; Hurthle cells present.

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Auer bodies are a characteristic of:

# Auer bodies are a characteristic of:
A. Plasma cells
B. Monocytes
C. Myeloblasts
D. Reticulocytes

The correct answer is C. Myeloblasts.

Myeloblasts may have intracytoplasmic  rods (stain red) called Auer rods. Auer rods are abnormal lysosomes (primary granules) that are pathognomic of myeloblasts and not found in ALL. Auer rods also stain positive with myeloperoxidase. The diagnosis of AML is established by the presence of >20% myeloblasts in blood and/or bone marrow. A positive myeloperoxidase reaction in >3% of the blasts may be the only feature distinguishing AML from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

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G6PD Deficiency causes

# Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency causes:
 A. Haemophilia
 B. Hemolytic anaemia
 C. Aplastic anaemia
 D. Megaloblastic anaemia

The correct answer is B. Hemolytic anemia.

The red blood cells are well protected against oxidation because of adequate generation of reduced glutathione. Individuals with G6PD deficiency (an enzyme required for hexose monophosphate shunt / HMP shunt for glucose metabolism) fail to develop adequate levels of reduced glutathione in their red cells and this results in oxidation and precipitation of hemoglobin within the red cells forming "HEINZ BODIES"

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Funny Dental Quotes

The only color I judge people by is the color of their teeth.  - Every Dentist

Most common cause of megaloblastic anemia

# Most common cause of megaloblastic anemia is:
A. Lack of folic acid in diet
B. Inability to absorb vit B12
C. Iron deficiency in diet
D. Chronic blood loss

The correct answer is B. Inability to absorb Vit. B12.

The dietary intake of Vit B12 (Cobalamine) is more than adequate for the body's requirements, except in true vegetarians and their breast fed infants. Thus deficiency of cobalamin is almost always due to malabsorption. Malabsorption can occur at several levels.

In contrast, the dietary intake of folic acid is very less. Also, because the body's store of folate are relatively low, folic acid deficiency can arise rather suddenly during periods of decreased dietary intake or increased metabolic demand as in pregnancy. Folic acid deficiency can also be due to malabsorption. 

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Nutritional deficiency anemia

# Which of the following is nutritional deficiency anemia?
A. Aplastic anemia
B. Sickle cell anemia
C. Spherocytosis
D. Megaloblastic anemia

The correct answer is D. Megaloblastic anemia.

Iron deficiency and megaloblastic anemia are called as nutritional deficiency anemias.

Iron deficiency anemia is most common in hookworm infestations in children.

Megaloblastic anemias are due to impaired DNA synthesis and are characterized by delay in the maturation of nucleus. Cells primarily affected are those having relatively rapid turnover, especially hematopoietic precursors and gastrointestinal epithelial cells. 

The underlying defect for maturation arrest is due to deficiency of Vitamin B12 and/or folic acid. 

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Immobilization of head in a non compliant patient

# Which of the following is commonly used for immobilization of the head in a non-compliant patient?
A. Papoose board
 B. Pedi-wrap
C. Forearm-body support
D. All of the above

The correct answer is C. Forearm body support.

Physical restraints: Last resort for handling uncooperative patients or handicapped patients. 

- Restraints are usually needed for children who are hyperactive, stubborn, or defiant.

- Physical restraints involve restriction of movement of the child's head, hands, feets, or body. It can be:

* Active - restraints performed by the dentist, staff or parent without the aid of a restraining device.

* Passive - with the aid of restraining devices like Papoose board, Posey straps, Pedi-wrap, Head positioner, etc.

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