Flap design for periodontal surgery

# When designing a flap for a periodontal surgery, which of the following findings is most influential?
A. Probing depth
B. Frenum attachment level
C. Vestibular depth
D. Quantity of attached gingiva
E. Presence of intrabony defect

Attached gingiva maintains a tight contact
with the periosteum of the bone and certain
areas of the tooth root.

Its function is to keep the free gingiva in
close contact with the tooth while also
protecting the soft and free moving alveolar
mucosa.

Insufficient attached gingiva makes the
mucosa more prone to trauma during
function and compromises the periodontal
support of teeth.

In order to avoid periodontal problems after surgery, the width of the attached gingiva must be preserved.

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Paracetamol is contraindicated in:

# Paracetamol is contraindicated in:
A. Nephritis
B. Chronic hepatitis
C. Bleeding disorders
D. Pregnancy

The correct answer is B. Chronic Hepatitis. 

Most prominent toxic effect associated with acetaminophen use is hepatic necrosis. 

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) has only analgesic and antipyretic action without any anti inflammatory action. Hypersensitivity reactions to paracetamol are rare and can be given to patients to whom aspirin is contraindicated. The most serious acute adverse effect of overdose of acetaminophen is a potentially fatal hepatic necrosis. Renal tubular necrosis and hypoglycemic coma may also occur. 

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What are Pessaries?

# Pessaries are the dosage forms of drug at the following mucosal sites?
A. Vagina
B. Oral Cavity
C. Bronchi
D. Anal canal

The correct answer is A. Vagina.

Pessaries are a form of topical application of drug in the vagina for localized action.

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Pain associated with elongated styloid process

# The pain on swallowing or turning the head associated with elongated styloid process is known as:
A. Tic douloureux
B. Gorham syndrome
C. Costen syndrome
D. Eagle’s syndrome

The correct answer is D. Eagle's Syndrome.

The association of an elongated styloid process with pharyngeal and cervical pain is known as Eagle syndrome and was first described in 1937. Eagle syndrome is characterized as a dull, aching pain localized to one or both sides of the throat with referred otalgia.

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Unilateral TMJ ankylosis

# In unilateral TMJ ankylosis, chin is deviated to:
A. The contralateral side
B. The affected side
C. No deviation seen
D. Side where growth is occurring

The correct answer is B. The affected side.

Unilateral TMJ ankylosis 

Seen in a child or in a person where the onset was usually in the childhood.

1. Obvious facial asymmetry.

2. Deviation of the mandible and chin on the affected side.

3. The chin is receded with hypoplastic mandible on the affected side.

4. Roundness and fullness of the face on the affected side.

5. The appearance of the flatness and elongation on the unaffected side.

6. The lower border of the mandible on the affected side has a concavity that ends in a well defined antegonial notch.

7. In unilateral ankylosis, some amount of oral opening may be possible. Interincisal opening will vary depending on whether it is fibrous or bony ankylosis.

8. Cross bite may be seen.

9. Class II angles malocclusion on the affected side plus unilateral posterior cross bite on the ipsilateral side seen.

10. Condylar movements are absent on the affected side.

Ref: Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prof. Dr. Neelima Anil Malik, Third Edition Page 263

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Farmer's lip is also known as:

# Farmer’s lip is also known as:
A. Actinic cheilitis
B. Cheilitis granularis
C. Oral submucous fibrosis
D. Noma

The correct answer is A. Actinic cheilitis.

Actinic cheilitis (AC), also termed actinic cheilosis, actinic keratosis of the lip, solar cheilosis, sailor's lip, and farmer's lip, is a type of lip inflammation caused by long-term sunlight exposure. 

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In emphysema, the dilatation occurs:

# In emphysema, the dilatation occurs:
a) Beyond major bronchus
b) In alveolar region
c) Beyond terminal bronchioles
d) Beyond minor bronchus

The correct answer is C. Beyond terminal bronchioles.

Emphysema is referred to the pathological process of a permanent destructive enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles. The two types of emphysema that cause clinically significant air flow obstruction are Centriacinar (common) and Panacinar emphysema. Panacinar emphysema is associated with α1 antitrypsin deficiency.

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