Cuplike resorptive area at the crest of the alveolar bone

# A cuplike resorptive area at the crest of the alveolar bone is a radiographic finding of :
A. Gingivitis
B. Occlusal trauma
C. Early periodontitis
D. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

The correct answer is C. Early Periodontitis 

Radiographic Changes in Periodontal Disease:

• Early periodontitis: areas of localized erosion of the alveolar bone crest (blunting of the crest in

anterior regions and a rounding of the junction between the crest and lamina dura in the posterior

regions).

• Moderate periodontitis: the destruction of alveolar bone extends beyond early changes in the

alveolar crest and may include buccal or lingual plate resorption, generalized horizontal erosion or

localized vertical defects and possible clinical evidence of tooth mobility.

•Advanced periodontitis: the bone loss is so extensive that the remaining teeth show excessive mobility and drifting and are in jeopardy of being lost. There is usually extensive horizontal bone loss

or extensive bony defects.

GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION

# What is guided tissue regeneration?
A. A soft tissue graft used to correct mucogingival junction involvement
B. Placement of non-resorbable barriers or resorbable membranes and barriers over a bony defect
C. A free gingival graft used to increase the amount of attached gingiva
D. Placement of an autograft to treat a bony defect

The correct answer is B. Placement of non-resorbable barriers or resorbable membranes and barriers over a bony defect.

The method for the prevention of epithelial migration along the cemental wall of the pocket that has

gained wide attention is guided tissue regeneration (GTR). This method is based on the assumption that only the periodontal ligament cells have the potential for regeneration of the attachment apparatus of the tooth. GTR consists of placing barriers of different types to cover the bone and periodontal ligament, thus temporarily separating them from the gingival epithelium. Excluding the epithelium and the gingival connective tissue from the root surface during the postsurgical healing phase not only prevents epithelial migration into the wound, but also favors repopulation of the area by cells from the periodontal ligament and the bone.

The initial membranes developed were nonresorbable (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]) and therefore required a second, although frequently simple, procedure to remove it. This second procedure was done after the initial stages of healing, usually 3 to 6 weeks after the first intervention. The second procedure was a significant obstacle in the uti lizat ion of this GTR technique, and therefore resorbable membranes  were developed.

Resorbable membranes marketed in the United States include OsseoQuest (Gore), a combination of

polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and trimethylene carbonate that resorbs at 6 to 14 months; BioGuide (OsteoHealth), a bilayer porcine-derived collagen; Atrisorb (Block Drug), a polyactic acid gel; and Biomend (Calcitech), a bovine Achilles tendon collagen that resorbs in 4 to 18 weeks. Of these, BioGuide is easier to use and generally preferred.

Currently. regenerative procedures are applicable and predictable under a certain set of circumstances:

(1) The patient exhibits exemplary plaque control both before and after regenerative therapy, 

(2) The patient does not smoke, 

(3) There is occlusal stability of the teeth at the regenerative site,

(4) Osseous defects are vertical in nature, with the more walls of bone remaining increasing the likelihood of regenerative success.

Bacteria causing ANUG

# Which of the following bacteria are commonly associated with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
A. Bacteroides forsythus
B. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
C. Actinomyces viscosus
D. Porphyromonas gingivalis
E. Treponema denticola

The correct answer is E. Treponema denticola.

Treponema Denticola is associated with acute necrotizing gingivitis/periodontitis (ANUG/ANUP).

Acute necrotizing gingivitiss igns/symptoms:
- Pain
- Interproximal necrosis of the papilla
- Bleeding gingiva
- Fetid odor
- Low-grade fever
- Pseudomembrane

Acute necrotizing gingivitis risk factors:
- Poor oral hygiene
- Smoking
- Malnutrition
- Fatigue
- Stress
- Immunocompromised patients

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is most commonly associated with localized
aggressive periodontitis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is most commonly associated with chronic periodontitis.

Actinomyces viscosus is associated with healthy gingivae.

Bacteriodes Forcythus is associated with chronic periodontitis.

Dentinal plugs

# Which of the following creates the phenomena of dentinal plugs?
A. Adhesive
B. Debris from the smear layer
C. Oxalic acid
D. Sclerotic dentin
E. Primer (form micro/macrotags)

Dentinal or smear plugs are composed of the debris from the smear layer.

The smear layer is documented to be about
0.5-2mm thick layer of debris with a  mainly granular substructure that entirely coverst he dentin. The surface of the smear layer appears quite irregular.

The orifices of dentinal tubules are
obstructed by debris tags known as smear
plugs or dentinal plugs. These dentinal
plugs extend into the tubules to a depth of
1-10 micrometers.

The smear layer is reported to reduce
dentinal permeability by about 86% due to
dentinal plugging.

Dentinal plugs are removed by acid etching
the tooth surface with phosphoric acid.

HCl secretion and gastric motility

# Which of the following hormone's action results in HCl secretion and gastric motility?
A. GIP
B. Secretin
C. Gastrin
D. Cholecystokinin

The correct answer is C. Gastrin. 

Gastrin is stimulated by amíno acids and

peptides in lumen, distension. It stimulates

HCl secretion and gastric motility.

Other hormones of gastrointestinal system:

Cholecystokinin: Stimulated by fatty acids,

and amino acids in duodenum. Increases

pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion and

increases bile secretion from the

gallbladder.

Secretin: Stimulated by a low pH in the

duodenum. Increases bicarbonate release

from the pancreases and decreases gastric

motility and gastric acid secretion.

GIP: Stimulated by fat and glucose in the

duodenum. Increases insulin release and

decreases gastric motility and gastric acid secretion.

Viruses capable of causing cell transformation

# Which of the following viruses is NOT capable of causing cell transformation?
A. Retrovirus
B. Herpes virus
C. Hepatitis B virus
D. Human papilloma virus
E. Picorna virus

The correct answer is E. Picorna virus.

Picornavirus is an extremely small, ether-
resistant RNA virus which is not capable of
cell transformation. This virus can cause
several different disease conditions.

Diseases caused by Picornavirus include:
- Poliomyelitis
- Herpangina
- Aseptic meningitis
- Encephalomyocarditis
- Foot-and-mouth disease

Prognosis of a tooth

# Which of the following is the MOST critical factor determining the prognosis of a periodontally involved tooth?
A. Mobility of the tooth
B. Probing depth
C. Amount of attachment loss
D. Presence of furcation involvement

The correct answer is C. Amount of attachment loss.

The amount attachment loss determines
the prognosis of periodontally
Compromised teeth.

Teeth with severe attachment loss and
vertical mobility present a hopeless
prognosis and must be extracted to avoid
infection that may compromise other teeth.
The higher the quantity of attachment, the
better the prognosis.