Which of the following organisms is an intracellular parasite

# Which of the following organisms is an intracellular parasite?
A. Nocardia asteroides
B. Coccidioides immitis
C. Histoplasma capsulatum
D. Aspergillus flavus
E. Cryptococcus neoformans

The correct answer is C. Histoplasma capsulatum.

Histoplasma capsulatum is a type of fungi
which is the main cause of histoplasmosis
infection. This is an intracelular parasite of
macrophages that commonly causes
fungal respiratory infection in the US.

Acute arthritis of the great (big) toe is a diagnostic sign

# Acute arthritis of the great (big) toe is a diagnostic sign of which of the following diseases?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Osteomyelitis
C. Gout
D. Osteoporosis
E. Rheumatoid arthritis

The correct answer is C. Gout. 

The acute arthritis of the big toe is a

pathognomonic sign of Podagra or Gout.

What distinguishes Gout from others is that,

it usually occurs in one of the joints in the

body, however, about 50% are said to occur

in the big toe. This disease is also referred

to as "disease of the kings" or "the rich

man's disease".

Chemotherapy for Leukemia

# A patient receiving chemotherapy for leukemia is highly susceptible to develop which oral infection?
A. Candidiasis
B. Actinomycosis
C Histoplasmosis
D. Coccidioidomycosis
E. Blastomycosis

The correct answer is A. Candidiasis. 

Immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to candidiasis, the fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. A patient with leukemia has lower than normal functioning leukocytes. This, coupled with chemotherapy which aims to

reduce the number of abnormal leukocytees, leaves the patient in a very

immunosuppressed state. 

Other examples of cases where a patient

would be susceptible to candidiasis include

patients taking antibiotics for a extended

periods or patients infected with HIV.

Bacterial Descriptor conflicts with another one

# Which one of these bacterial descriptors conflict with the other five?
A. Gram positive
B. Proteobacteria
C. Gram negative
E. Thin peptidoglycan 

D. Pink in a Gram stain 

The correct answer is A. Gram positive. 

Proteobacteria, a pink Gram result, an outer

membrane, and thin peptidoglycan are all

characteristic of Gram NEGATIVE bacteria

such as E. coli.

Note: This question has conflicting

answers regarding gram positive and gram

negative characteristics. 

Nerve running along the nasal septum

 # Which of the following nerves runs along the nasal septum?
A. Nasopalatine
B. Greater palatine
C. Pharyngeal
D. Posterolateral nasal

The correct answer is A. Nasopalatine.

Nasopalatine nerve 

-Exits Pterygopalatine fossa through Sphenopalatine foramen which takes it into the nasal cavity.
- Runs anterior-inferiorly along the nasal septum.
- Passes through incisive foramen of maxilla to reach the anterior hard palate.

The nasopalatine nerve supplies the posterior part of the nasal septum.

The anterior ethmoidal nerve, a branch of V1, supplies the anterior part of the nasal septum.

The flexible part of the nasal septum by the nostril opening is supplied by the nasal branch of the infraorbital nerve. 

Tooth most likely to not erupt due to overcrowding

# Which of the following teeth is most likely to NOT erupt into the arch due to overcrowding?
A. Canine
B. Central incisor
C. Lateral incisor
D. 2nd premolar
E. 1st premolar

The correct answer is A. Canine.

Canines are the anterior teeth that are most
likely to be unable to erupt within a crowded dentition because the canine erupts after the incisors and premolars have already erupted.

Tooth crowding may occur in patients with
teeth that are too wide mesiodistally or if
their dental arch is too small to
accommodate all the erupted teeth.

Tooth crowding carries a genetic predisposition because it is often a matter of tooth size vs arch size.

Facial profile change with ageing

# The facial profile of most people change as they age and mature through becoming..
A. More convex
B. The same level of convexity
C. Less concave
D. Less convex

The correct answer is D. Less convex. 

The facial profile may vary as we age due to

the loss of facial fat, muscle atrophy and

loss of skin elasticity.

The buccal fact pad is gradually lost in the

cheeks, causing the skin to adapt itself to

the underlying muscle and bone.

During the aging process, metabolism

slows down and the production of skin,

collagen, and muscle fibers is reduced.

The constant pull of gravity also contributes

to the sagging of the face.