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Cyanosis is seen if:

 # Cyanosis is seen if:
a) Meth Hb 1.5gm%
b) Sulf Hb 0.5gm%
c) Reduced Hb 5gm%
d) All of the above



The correct answer is D. All of the above.


Types of cyanosis
- Central 
- Peripheral
- Cyanosis due to abnormal pigments (methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin)
- Mixed

CENTRAL CYANOSIS
Mechanism:
Diminished arterial oxygen saturation

Sites:
On skin & mucous membranes
Eg.: Tongue, lips, cheeks

Temperature of the Limb
Warm

PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS
Mechanism:
Diminished flow of blood to the local part

Sites:
On skin only

Temperature of the Limb
Cold


Thin bluish line around the gingival margin

 # A thin bluish line around the gingival margin is due to the absorption of :
 A. Silver
 B. Mercury
 C. Drugs like tetracycline
 D. Lead


The correct answer is D. lead.

Heavy metals cause gingival pigmentation in areas of inflammation only, where the increased permeability permits the seepage of metal into the surrounding tissue.

Lead Line (Burtonian Line) --- Bluish red or deep blue linear pigmentation in marginal gingiva
Silver (argyria) --- Violet marginal line
Bismuth, arsenic and mercury --- Black marginal line
Mesenteric line --- Delicate, brown or black pigmented non cariogenic plaque found on the enamel at the cervical margin of the tooth

Plasma cell gingivitis

 # Plasma cell gingivitis is seen in individuals having the habit of chewing of the following types of flavored chewing gum?
A. Peppermint flavored
B. Clove flavored
C. Cinnamon flavored
D. Banana flavored



The correct answer is  C. Cinnamon flavored.

PLASMA CELL GINGIVITIS
- The gingiva appears red, friable, granular, and bleeds easily. 
- It may be associated with cheilitis and glossitis.
- Plasma cell gingivitis is a contact hypersensitivity reaction most frequently attributed to Cinnamon flavored chewing gum. 

Gingival manifestation is seen maximum with:

 # Gingival manifestation is seen maximum with:
 A. AML
B. CLL
C. CML
D. ALL



The correct answer is A. AML.

Gum hypertrophy due to leukemic infiltration of the gingiva is a frequent finding in:
- M4: Acute myelomonocytic leukemia (Naegeli type)
- M5: Acute monocytic leukemia (Schilling type)

Incidence of gingival enlargement is highest in acute monocytic leukemia (66.7%), followed by acute myelocytic monocytic leukemia (18.7%) and myelocytic leukemia (3.7%). Leukemic gingival enlargements are not found in edentulous patients or in chronic leukemia.

Leukemic gingival enlargement occurs only in acute type and not in chronic leukemia. It occurs mostly in acute monocytic leukemia. The gingival connective tissue is infiltrated with immature leukocytes.

AIIMS MDS Entrance Exam MCQS - May 2016


# Which of the following cannot be used to block undercuts intraorally?
A. Addition silicon
B. Plaster of Paris
C. Irreversible hydrocolloid
D. Temporary restorative material

# Inability of a material to sustain plastic deformation before the fracture occur:
A. Toughness
B. Hardness
C. Brittleness
D. Critical Stress
  

How to Correct an Overbite in Children?


 

When 30-50% of the upper teeth protrude over the lower teeth, an overbite occurs.

Many reasons contribute to overbite problems in children. In this article, let’s first understand the types of overbite problems that exist, what are their causes and how they can be treated.  

 

Types of Overbites

They are of two types:

Vertical overbite: The top teeth significantly overlap the bottom teeth

 

   Horizontal overbite: The top teeth protrude over the bottom teeth

 

Overbites are also categorized as dental or skeletal in nature.

 

·         In dental overbites, the teeth cause the overbite to form.

·         In skeletal overbites, the jaw is responsible for the overbite to occur.

 

The overbite teeth problem is the most common type of bite problem and occurs due to a lot of reasons. Let us delve into some:

 

Causes of Overbite Teeth Problem

 

·           Improper jaw development

 

This is the most common cause of overbites. Overbites can occur if there is too much room in the jaw area or if there is too little room to accommodate the teeth size.

 

·           Thumb sucking and tongue thrusting

 

Habits like thumb-sucking and tongue thrusting in infants and children push the tongue against the back of the teeth, which can produce an overbite.

 

·           Genetics

 

Overbites can even occur because of hereditary or genetics as the genes have a role to play in the natural eruption of teeth.

 

The earlier you treat your child’s overbite, the better their jaw and teeth will be able to develop. If left untreated, your child’soverbite problem may worsen over time, and he/she may have to undergo extensive treatments later on.

 

Based on the severity of the problem, here are some issues your child may face due to an overbite:

 

If an overbite goes untreated, it could alter the face structure dramatically and lead to self-esteem issues in your child.

 

Other problems include:

  • Speech problems
  • Jaw pain
  • Low self-esteem
  • Discomfort while eating
  • Severe headaches
  • Trouble in opening and closing the mouth
  • Sleep apnea

 

How Can Overbite be Fixed in Children? 

 Your orthodontist will tell you that overbite correction in children is easy as their jaw is still in the developmental stage. They will take an x-ray and prescribe a treatment plan for your child. 

 

  • In case your child is very young, the orthodontist may remove their baby teeth to create room for the permanent teeth to grow straight. 

 

  • If your child is old enough, the orthodontist may recommend dental braces. These braces will help to move the teeth slowly to correct the overbite as well as the jaw.

 

Timely and early orthodontic evaluation will best determine how to prevent dental issues from occurring in your child. If your child shows signs of an overbite coming in, make sure to spot the signs early and consult your orthodontist.

 

If your child is seven years old and above, you should start making regular visits to the dentist. If a treatment plan to fix an overbite is given to your child, it is essential that they receive your full support as it will be a challenging time for them.

 

Make sure that your child practices good oral hygiene habits so that further dental problems don’t take place. 

 

Author Bio:

Dr. Satish Pai is an orthodontist and an Ivy League trained dentist who has and has served as a faculty at Columbia University. He believes that a perfect smile not only makes a person look great but feel great.  As the founder of Putnam Orthodontics and Rome Orthodontics, he is dedicated to providing the best orthodontic treatments to his patients. He also writes to educate people about everything orthodontics and the importance of correctly aligned teeth along with good oral health. In his free time, you can find him golfing, doing yoga or surfing, and spending time with his family. 

Root surface typically not totally cleaned with standard floss

# When using only standard floss, the mesial root surface of which of the following teeth
is typically NOT totally cleaned?
A. Mandibular central incisor
B. Mandibular 1st premolar
C. Mandibular 1st molar
D. Maxillary 1st premolar
E. Maxillary central incisor


The correct answer is D. Maxillary first premolar.

The mesial root surface of the maxillary 1st
premolar is typically NOT thoroughly cleaned using ONLY dental floss due to the mesial root concavity.

Because of the lack cleansibility of the
mesial of this tooth, It is advised to use
inter dental brushes, end tuft brushes, tooth
pick in holders, rubber tips, and powered
floss to clean these interproximal areas.

This is because of the type of gingival
embrasure space on the mesial aspect off
maxillary 1st premolar. The three types of
gingival embrasures are:
Type I: Having NO inter dental papilla loss
Type II: Partial loss of inter dental papilla
Type lIl: Complete loss of inter dental papilla


The mesial surface of the maxillary 1st premolar typically has a type ll or ll gingival embrasure, resulting in moderate to severe recession with exposure of the root concavity. Interdental brushes clean the root concavity better than dental floss.