Danger layer of Scalp is:

 # Danger layer of scalp is:

A. Periosteum

B. Connective tissue

C. Loose areolar tissue

D. Aponeurosis

The correct answer is C. Loose areolar tissue.

Danger area of scalp:

- Loose areolar tissue contains the emissary veins and is termed as dangerous area of scalp because it allows spread of infection even, by the way of emissary veins, to cavernous sinus.

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Remineralization of tooth surface is associated with which component of saliva?

# Remineralization of tooth surface is associated with which component of saliva?

A. Amylase

B. Statherin

C. Crystatins

D. Streapsinase

The correct answer is B. Statherin

Two of the families of small salivary proteins histadine and statherin help control the status of calcium and phosphorus in the saliva.

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Hypercalcemia occurs in which type of lung cancer?

 # Hypercalcemia occurs in which type of lung cancer?

a) Oat cell

b) Giant cell

c) Squamous cell

d) Alveolar cell

The correct answer is C. Squamous cell carcinoma.

- Non metastatic  extrapulmonary manifestations of lung cancers include metabolic, endocrine neurological and vascular and hematological and skeletal features. 

- Endocrine (10%) (usually small cell carcinoma), ectopic adrenocorticotrophin syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), Hypercalcemia (Usually squamous cell carcinoma).

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MCQs on Periodontology - Periodontal Diseases Part 1

# Most common periodontal disease is:
A. Gingivitis
B. Periodontitis
C. Gingival hypertrophy
D. Juvenile periodontitis 

 

# Gingivitis is initiated most frequently by:
A. Occlusal trauma
B. Systemic factors
C. Local irritating factors
D. Hormonal defects

Condition which may lead to Noma

 # Which of the following conditions if not treated properly may lead to Noma?

A. Diphtheria

B. Herpangina

C. Herpetic gingivostomatitis

D. ANUG

The correct answer is D. ANUG

Clinical course of ANUG (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)  is indefinite. If untreated, NUG (Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis) may lead to NUP (Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis) with a progressive destruction of the periodontium and denudation of roots, accompanied by an increase in severity of toxic systemic complication. 

Horning and Cohen Staging of Oral Necrotizing Diseases

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis --> Periodontitis --> Stomatitis -->Noma

Stage 1: Necrosis of the tip of interdental papilla

Stage 2: Necrosis of entire interdental papilla or marginal gingiva or attached gingiva

Stage 3: Necrosis extending to gingival margin

Stage 4: Necrosis extending also to attached gingiva

Stage 5: Necrosis extending into buccal or labial mucosa

Stage 6: Necrosis exposing alveolar bone

Stage 7: Necrosis perforating skin of cheek

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Drug of choice in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia:

 # Drug of choice in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia:

a) Pentamidine

b) Zidovudine

c) Ciprofloxacin

d) Cotrimoxazole

The correct answer is D. Cotrimoxazole.

Legionnaire's pneumonia -Pneumonia in association with high fever, confusion and diarrhea suggests

Cotrimoxazole, Clindamycin - Drug of choice for atypical pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carini

Clarithromycin, Flucloxacillin - Drug of choice for community acquired pneumonia

Gram negative bacilli - Most common micro organisms isolated from the patients with nosocomial pneumonias

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, pneumocystis carinii and viral infections -Causes of atypical pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumonia (or) Pneumococcus pneumonia - Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia is

Doxycycline, Erythromycin - Drugs used for treatment of atypical pneumonia caused by Chlamydia

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin - Drug of choice for atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma

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Cyanosis is seen if:

 # Cyanosis is seen if:

a) Meth Hb 1.5gm%

b) Sulf Hb 0.5gm%

c) Reduced Hb 5gm%

d) All of the above

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

Types of cyanosis

- Central 

- Peripheral

- Cyanosis due to abnormal pigments (methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin)

- Mixed

CENTRAL CYANOSIS

Mechanism:

Diminished arterial oxygen saturation

Sites:

On skin & mucous membranes

Eg.: Tongue, lips, cheeks

Temperature of the Limb

Warm

PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS

Mechanism:

Diminished flow of blood to the local part

Sites:

On skin only

Temperature of the Limb

Cold