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The best instrument for cutting dentin is:

 # The best instrument for cutting dentin is:
A. Reamer
B. File
C. Broach
D. Explorer



The correct answer is A. Reamer.

Reamer contains sharp cutting edges that are spaced further apart than the file and therefore it is engaged in dentin more rapidly and readily facilitates dentin removal.

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In which region are chief cells located in the gastric gland?

 # Chief cells are located in gastric gland in the region?
 A. Fundus
 B. Isthmus
C. Neck
D. Equally spread



The correct answer is A. Fundus.

Gastric gland is composed of three types of cells:
A. Mucous neck cells - secrete mainly mucus but also some pepsinogen
B. Peptic/chief cells - Secrete pepsinogen in body and fundus
C. Parietal/Oxyntic cells- Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor


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Oral pain, erythematous gingival tissues, blunted papillae spontaneous gingival bleeding, and no attachment loss

 # A 19 year old patient presents with oral pain, erythematous gingival tissues, blunted papillae spontaneous gingival bleeding, and no attachment loss. There is also a pseudomembrane covering the gingiva. Which of the following is the diagnosis for this patient?
A. Plaque associated gingivitis
B. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
C. Aggressive periodontitis
D. Chronic periodontitis
E. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis





The correct answer is B. Necrotozing ulcerative gingivitis.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis usually occurs
because of the predominance of the anaerobic fusobacteria and
spirochetes within the oral cavity, specifically underneath the gingiva.

This is a case of Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) NOT
necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) because the patient is not
experiencing bone loss.

Debridement of the affected gingiva with an adjunctive prescription
of chlorhexidine 0.12 % rise will help stop the progression of
necrotizing ulcerative disease.

Acute necrotizing gingivitis signs/ symptoms:
  1. Pain
  2. Interproximal necrosis of the papilla (Blunting of papilla)
  3. Bleeding gingiva
  4. Fetid odor
  5. Low-grade fever
  6. Pseudomembrane

Acute necrotizing gingivitis risk factors:
  1. Poor oral hygiene
  2. Smoking
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Fatigue
  5. Stress
  6. Immunocompromised patients


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Strongest indication for splinting

 # Which of the following patient conditions is the strongest indication for splinting?
A. Mobility with a unilateral shift from centric relation to centric occlusion
B. Mobility with discomfort
C. Presence of diastemas
D. Primary occlusal trauma



The correct answer is B. Mobility with discomfort.

Unstable teeth that cannot maintain normal position during centric occlusion need additional support to maintain position and therefore must be splinted to the adjacent teeth.

Presence of a diastema does not necessarily require splinting except when the diastema is caused by the movement of teeth due a periodontally compromised status.

Primary occlusal trauma can be resolved once the cause of trauma
is removed.

Discomfort associated with tooth mobility may:
• Be due to other periodontal conditions
• Be due to pulpal conditions
• NOT be a direct indication alone for splinting therapy


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Peace Dental Care Pvt. Ltd., Bharatpur -10, Chitwan

 Name of Dental Clinic: Peace Dental Care Pvt. Ltd.
Address: Bharatpur-10, Hospital Road, Chitwan
Year of Establishment: 2076
Name of the chief Dental Surgeon: Dr. Binaya Subedi
CONTACT NUMBER: 056593325

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Baishdhara Dental Clinic, Balaju, Kathmandu

 Name of Dental Clinic: Baishdhara Dental Clinic
Address : Near Tarun Ma Vi, Balaju, Kathmandu, Nepal
Year of Establishment: 2021
Name of the chief Dental Surgeon: Dr Bishwo Prachanda Sedhain
CONTACT NUMBER: 9851157949

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Interruption of transmission of disease is called:

 # Interruption of transmission of disease is called:
A. Disease control 
B. Disease eradication
C. Disease elimination
D. Disability limitation



The correct answer is C. Disease elimination.

Concept of Control
A. Disease control : The term 'disease control' describes (ongoing) operations aimed at reducing incidence, duration, decrease effects of disease, etc. Control activities may focus on primary prevention or secondary prevention. The concept of tertiary prevention is comparatively less relevant to control efforts. In disease control, the disease agent is permitted to persist in the community at a level where it ceases to be a public health problem according to the tolerance level of local population.

B. Disease elimination: Between control and eradication, an intermediate goal has been described, called 'regional elimination'. The term elimination is used to describe interruption of transmission of disease, eg. elimination of measles, polio and diphtheria from large geographic region or areas. Regional elimination is now seen as an important precursor of eradication.

C. Disease eradication: Eradication literally means to 'tear out by roots'. It is the termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment. As the name implies, eradication is an absolute process, and not a relative goal. It is an all or none phenomenon. 

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