Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of the following salts of calcium and magnesium:

 # Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of the following salts of calcium and magnesium:

A. Bicarbonates

B. Sulphates

C. Chlorides

D. Nitrates

The correct answer is A. Bicarbonates.

Temporary hardness of water is due to calcium and magnesium bicarbonates while permanent hardness is due to calcium and magnesium sulphates, chlorides and nitrates. 

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Waste water from kitchen is called:

 # Waste water from kitchen is called:

A. Sullage

B. Sewage

C. Garbage

D. Kitchen water

The correct answer is A. Sullage.

Garbage means discarded vegetable matter from the kitchen, canteens, etc.

Sullage refers to the fluid waste from a kitchen unmixed with excrements. 

Water sewage refers to waste water from household, industries, etc. containing human excreta. 

Refuse is all the solid and semisolid waste matters of a community EXCEPT excrements. 

 

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The point at which the chlorine demand of water is met is termed:

 # The point at which the chlorine demand of water is met is termed:

A. Break point

B. Back wash

C. Loss of head

D. Chlorine demand

The correct answer is A. Break Point.

Chlorine demand of the water is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to the water and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific period of contact at a given temperature and pH of water.

The minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine is 0.5 mg per liter for one hour and it should be present for a contact period of at least one hour to kill bacteria and viruses. 

The point at which chlorine demand of water is met is called break point. If further chlorine is added beyond the break point, free chlorine begins to appear in the water. 

The sum of the chlorine demand of the water plus the free residual chlorine of 0.5 mg per liter constitutes the correct dose of chlorine to be applied. 

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The health promotional phase in public health is between the years:

 # The health promotional phase in public health is between the years:

A. 1880-1920

B. 1920-1960

C. 1960-1980

D. 1980-2000

The correct answer is B. 1920-1960.

Four phases of public health have been recognized:

A. Phase one: Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)

The 19th century Public Health- matter of sanitary legislation and sanitary reform, safe water supply and waste disposal. 

B. Phase Two: Health promotional phase (1920-1960)

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of health promotion emerged. As a result, in addition to disease control activities, one more goal was initiated. e.g. Maternal and child health, School health, mental health, occupational health and rehabilitation services.

C. Phase Three: Social Engineering phase (1960-1980)

Chronic conditions such as cancer, Diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and alcoholism, drug addiction occurred. These chronic health problems could not be tackled by the traditional approaches to public health i.e. isolation, immunization, and disinfection) nor they can be explained on the basis of germ theory (biomedical) of disease. The concept of risk factors (social, environmental, genetic and lifestyle) came into action as determinants of disease. 

D. Phase four: Health for all phase (1980-2000)

Primary Health care, Health for all (HFA)- Health for all meant that every individual should have access to Primary Health Care 

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WHO Oral Health Assessment Form Filled Samples

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Monomer in heat cure denture base acrylic resins

 # In heat cure denture base acrylic resins, the monomer is:

A. Methyl methacrylate

B. Ethyl methacrylate

C. Methyl ethyl methacrylate

D. Polymethyl methacrylate

The correct answer is A. Methyl methacrylate.

Most polymethyl methacrylate resin systems include powder and liquid components. The powder consists of prepolymerized spheres of polymethyl methacrylate and a small amount of benzoyl peroxide, termed the initiator, which is responsible for starting the polymerization process. The liquid is predominantly nonpolymerized methyl methacrylate monomer with small amounts of hydroquinone. Hydroquinone is added as an inhibitor, which prevents undesirable polymerization or “setting” of the liquid during storage. Inhibitors also retard the curing process and thereby increase working time.

Ref: Phillip’s Science of Dental Materials, 12th Edition, Page no. 475

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Esthetic Appliances for Orthodontic Treatment

 # In adults seeking orthodontic treatment with esthetic appliances the following may be choices EXCEPT:

a) Lingual orthodontics 

b) Ceramic brackets

c) Clear aligner therapy

d) Titanium brackets

The correct answer is D. Titanium brackets.

All other options are considered esthetic orthodontic appliances because they are either not visible or highly perceptible. Titanium brackets display metal and are not esthetic. Clear aligner therapy can be used for minor orthodontic corrections and can be preferred by patients due to esthetics and ease of use. 

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