Ethical principle that require health professionals to fully inform their patients and protect their confidentiality

 # Ethical principle that require health professionals to fully inform their patients and protect their confidentiality is the principle of:

A. Justice

B. Autonomy

C. Veracity

D. Beneficence

The correct answer is B. Autonomy. 

The 4 main ethical principles, that is beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, are defined and explained. Informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality spring from the principle of autonomy. 

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Oral hygiene was first practiced by:

 # Oral hygiene was first practiced by:

A. Chinese

B. Estruscans

C. Sumerians

D. Sushruta

The correct answer is C. Sumerians.

Sumerians practiced oral hygiene as early as 3000 B.C. using gold toothpicks. The chinese used chewstick as a tooth pick and toothbrush to clean and massage gingival tissues. 

Charaka Samhita stressed on tooth brushing- the stick for tooth brushing should be bitter, pungent or astringent. One of its end should be chewed in the form of a brush and should be used twice daily without injuring gums. Neem chewsticks are still used today The small wooden stick used by Arabs, the end of which was often chewed, the wood fibers being used as a brush - called Siwak or Miswak.

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The term ‘secular trend’ implies:

 # The term ‘secular trend’ implies:

A. Being liberal minded in diagnosing

B. Cold professional attitude

C. Changes in occurrence over a long period of time

D. Migration from rural areas

The correct answer is C. Changes in occurrence over a long period of time.

Long term or secular trends refers to changes in disease frequency that occurs gradually over long periods of time. Oral cancer is an example of disease which has shown a consistent upward trend during the past years, whereas diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, polio and diphtheria have shown a downward trend. 

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Clinical wastes in hospitals are to be disposed of in which colored bags?

 # Clinical wastes in hospitals are to be disposed of in which colored bags?

A. Yellow

B. Black

C. Green

D. Red

The correct answer is A. Yellow.

Clinical wastes are disposed of in yellow bags and non clinical wastes are disposed of in black bags. Incinerators are used to burn all the combustibles at temperatures of 1300-1500 degree Centigrade. 

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Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of the following salts of calcium and magnesium:

 # Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of the following salts of calcium and magnesium:

A. Bicarbonates

B. Sulphates

C. Chlorides

D. Nitrates

The correct answer is A. Bicarbonates.

Temporary hardness of water is due to calcium and magnesium bicarbonates while permanent hardness is due to calcium and magnesium sulphates, chlorides and nitrates. 

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Waste water from kitchen is called:

 # Waste water from kitchen is called:

A. Sullage

B. Sewage

C. Garbage

D. Kitchen water

The correct answer is A. Sullage.

Garbage means discarded vegetable matter from the kitchen, canteens, etc.

Sullage refers to the fluid waste from a kitchen unmixed with excrements. 

Water sewage refers to waste water from household, industries, etc. containing human excreta. 

Refuse is all the solid and semisolid waste matters of a community EXCEPT excrements. 

 

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The point at which the chlorine demand of water is met is termed:

 # The point at which the chlorine demand of water is met is termed:

A. Break point

B. Back wash

C. Loss of head

D. Chlorine demand

The correct answer is A. Break Point.

Chlorine demand of the water is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to the water and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific period of contact at a given temperature and pH of water.

The minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine is 0.5 mg per liter for one hour and it should be present for a contact period of at least one hour to kill bacteria and viruses. 

The point at which chlorine demand of water is met is called break point. If further chlorine is added beyond the break point, free chlorine begins to appear in the water. 

The sum of the chlorine demand of the water plus the free residual chlorine of 0.5 mg per liter constitutes the correct dose of chlorine to be applied. 

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