A. Hypoglossal nerve
B. Subclavein vein
C. External jugular vein
D. Phrenic nerve
# Which of the following is derived from second brachial arch:
A. muscle of facial expression
B. masticatory muscles
C. mandible
D. condyle
AIIMS NOVEMBER 2014 MDS ENTRANCE EXAM PAST QUESTIONS
A. Hypoglossal nerve
B. Subclavein vein
C. External jugular vein
D. Phrenic nerve
# Which of the following is derived from second brachial arch:
A. muscle of facial expression
B. masticatory muscles
C. mandible
D. condyle
The duration of fixation generally required for fracture of mandible:
# The duration of fixation generally required for fracture of mandible:
A. 2-4 weeks
B. 3-5 weeks
C. 6-8 weeks
D. 8-10 weeks
The correct answer is C. 6-8 weeks.
In the past, one of the major considerations in the immediate postoperative period was the difficulty resulting from IMF. When the jaws are wired together, the patient has initial difficulties in obtaining adequate nutrition, performing necessary oral hygiene, and communicating verbally. The average IMF period ranges from 6 to 8 weeks.
Reference: Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, James R. Hupp, 6th Edition 2013, Page No: 557
Tonsillitis - Causes and Treatment
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of palatine tonsils is called tonsillitis. Each tonsil is a mass of lymphoid tissue at the back of your throat-one on each side.
What is the role of tonsils in our body?
It provides local immunity and surveillance to our body to fight against foreign intruders.
Tonsils are most active from 4 to 10 years of age. After puberty, gradual involution of the tonsils takes place..
Types:
1.Acute tonsillitis
2.Chronic tonsillitis
Etiology:
- Most common in school going children but may affect adult. Viruses are the most common offenders in tonsillitis.
1.Adenovirus
2.Influenza virus
3.Parainfluenza virus
4.Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Hemolytic streptococcus is a common bacteria causing tonsillitis. Other bacteria causing tonsillitis are:
1.Staphylococci
2.Pneumococci
3.Haemophilus Influenzae
What are the symptoms of Acute tonsillitis?
The most common symptoms of tonsillitis are:
1. Enlarged, red tonsils
2. Sore throat
3. Not able to swallow due to which drooling may occur
4. Fever
5. Ear pain
6. Abdominal pain in children
7. Headaches
8. General body aches
9. Constipation
Diagnosis:
The doctor will do physical examination and look at your tonsils for signs of inflammation. A throat swab will be taken for culture. Growth of bacterial colony indicates bacterial tonsillitis. No growth will give a inference of viral disease.
Complications:
Complications will arise if the treatment is not provided or not adequate.
1.Collection of pus around tonsil (Peritonsillar abscess)
2. Infection may spread into surrounding tissues
3. Parapharyngeal abscess
4. Obstructive sleep apnea
5. Rheumatic fever if the causative agent is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus.
6. Glomerulonephritis
Treatment
1. Medical treatment
Antibiotics will be given if the culture shows growth of bacteria. Penicillin is the drug of choice. In patients with penicillin allergy, erythromycin can be given. If the cause is a virus then there is no role of antibiotics. With adequate bed rest and plenty of fluids body will recover on its own. Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics in viral tonsillitis to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Paracetamol is given for fever and relief of pain. Prepare salt water solution at home and gargle the solution and spit it out.
2.Surgery
Removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) is required if there is recurrent tonsillitis. Recurrent tonsillitis is defined as;
- Seven or more episodes of tonsillitis in one year
- Five episodes per year for two consecutive year
- Three episodes per year for three consecutive year
A bony opening in the canine fossa is commonly used to:
# A bony opening in the canine fossa is commonly used to:
A. Enter the maxillary sinus
B. Establish drainage of an alveolar abscess
C. Remove mandibular third molars
D. Uncover and marsupialize a cyst
The correct answer is A. Enter the maxillary sinus.
The wall of the sinus is very thin in this area. This area is used for following: (i) Diagnostic aspiration, and (ii) The site for Caldwell-Luc operation; that is, the antral exploration with or without an intraoral antrostomy.
Reference: Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Third Edition, Neelima Anil Malik, Page no. 639
# Most frequent site for dry socket is:
# Most frequent site for dry socket is:
A. Upper molar area
B. Upper incisor area
C. Lower molar area
D. Lower incisor area
The correct answer is C. Lower molar area.
'Dry socket' derives its name from the fact that after the clot is lost the socket has a dry appearance because of the exposed bone. This condition is more common in women and tobacco users, and is most frequently associated with difficult or traumatic extractions and thus most commonly follows removal of an impacted mandibular third molar. In a series of 138 ‘dry sockets’ among 6,403 teeth extracted in human patients, Krogh reported that 95% were in lower bicuspid and molar sockets, and this is confirmed by most other large series of cases.
Reference: Shafer’s Textbook of ORAL PATHOLOGY, 7th Edition, Page No: 601
Which one of the following is not a valid indication for apicoectomy?
# Which one of the following is not a valid indication for apicoectomy?
A. Broken instrument in the apical third of the canal
B. Presence of a fistula
C. Perforation in apical third
D. Periapically involved teeth in patients with insufficient time for conventional endodontic treatment
The correct answer is D. Periapically involved teeth in patients with insufficient time for conventional endodontic treatment
Valid Indications for which apicoectomy can be considered are:
- Failure of nonsurgical endodontic treatment
- Failure of previous surgery
- Anatomical problems: non-negotiable or blocked canal, or severe root curvature
- Iatrogenic errors: ledging of canals, blockage from debris, separated instruments, overfilling of canals leading to foreign body reaction, and apical canal transportation
- Horizontal apical root fracture
- Exploratory surgery and biopsy: in teeth where a fracture is suspected or in teeth with vital pulp with a radicular radiolucency
- Periodontal considerations: Hemisection and radisection are planned in cases where the periodontal support of one of the roots goes beyond repair.
Reference: GROSSMAN’S ENDODONTIC PRACTICE 14TH EDITION, Page NO: 426
AIIMS November 2013 MDS Entrance exam MCQs
A. Pterygoid plexus
B. Submental space
C. Maxillary sinus
D. Submandibular space
# Tributaries of cavernous sinus include all except:
A. Superior petrosal sinus
B. Inferior petrosal sinus
C. Superior middle cerebral vein
D. Deep middle cerebral vein
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