Area of the lateral aspect of skull that overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery:

 # The area of the lateral aspect of skull that overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery is called:

(a) Bregma

(b) Asterion

(c) Pterion

(d) Inion

The correct answer is C. Pterion.

The region in the anterior part of the temporal fossa where four bones (frontal, parietal, squamous temporal, and greater wing of the sphenoid) meet to form an H-shaped suture is called pterion. It is situated 4 cm above the midpoint of the zygomatic arch.

The pterion overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery, which ruptures following a blow in this region to form an extradural hematoma (a clot formation between the skull bone and the dura mater). The clot, if big, may compress the brain leading to unconsciousness or even death. Therefore, it should be removed as early as possible by trephination or craniotomy.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No.  18

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Bones of the skull which permit free movement are all except:

 # Bones of the skull which permit free movement are all except:

(a) Mandible

(b) Malleus

(c) Incus

(d) Vomer

The correct answer is D. Vomer.

The vomer is involved in all three types of Le Fort fractures of midfacial skeleton. The vomer is paper thin. A transverse fracture of vomer due to direct blow on the nose leads to deviated nasal septum (DNS).

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 40

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Sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into:

 # Sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into which cervical triangles?

(a) Medial and lateral

(b) Superior and inferior

(c) Anterior and posterior

(d) Proximal and distal

The correct answer is C. Anterior and Posterior.

The neck is conventionally divided into various triangles. The sternocleidomastoid muscle transects the side of neck obliquely on each side and divides it into anterior and posterior cervical triangles.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 10

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Most prominent part of occipital regions of the head:

 # The most prominent part of occipital regions of the head is called:

(a) Inion

(b) Opisthocranion

(c) Superior nuchal lines

(d) Basion

The correct answer is B. Opisthocranion.

The occipital region is an area of cranium behind the parietal eminences, and above the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.

The most prominent point in the occipital region is called opisthocranion or occiput. The external occipital protuberance can be felt in the median line just above the nuchal furrow. The superior nuchal line, one on either side of external occipital protuberance, runs laterally with its convexity facing upwards. The soft tissue covering frontal, parietal, and occipital regions forms the scalp.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 2

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The smooth elevated area between the eyebrows is called:

 # The smooth elevated area between the eyebrows is called:

A. Bregma

B. Glabella

C. Nasion

D. Medial canthus

The correct answer is B. Glabella.

The smooth nonhairy elevated area between the eyebrows is called glabella, which tends to be flat in children and adult females, and forms a rounded prominence in adult males. Indian married Hindu females apply bindi at this site to enhance their beauty. It is important to note that the pineal gland lies about 7 cm behind the glabella. The prominence of forehead, the frontal eminence is evident on either side above the eyebrow. The frontal prominence is typically more pronounced in children and adult females.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 2

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Recommended concentration of fluoride in a community water supply is:

 # The recommended concentration of fluoride in a community water supply is:

A. 0.1 ppm

B. 0.5 ppm

C. 1 ppm

D. 2 ppm

The correct answer is C. 1 ppm.

A formula given by Galagan and Vermillion is used to decide the amount of fluoride that should be added to the drinking water and is as follows: 

Galagan and Vermillion formula: Amount of fluoride in ppm = 0.34/E

Where E = – 0.038+0.0062 × temperature in °F. 

Recommended= 0.7 to 1.2 ppm (0.7 ppm in tropical climate and 1.2 ppm in cold climate).

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Teeth least affected with the nursing bottle syndrome

 # Which teeth are least affected with the nursing bottle syndrome?

A. Maxillary molars

B. Maxillary and mandibular canines

C. Mandibular incisors

D. Maxillary incisors

The correct answer is C. Mandibular incisors.

EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES

Early childhood caries was historically attributed to inappropriate and prolonged use of sweetened liquid in the bottle. Hence the older terms of “baby-bottle tooth decay” and “nursing caries. Early caries involvement of the maxillary anterior teeth, the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth and mandibular canines is seen.

FEATURES:

• Mandibular incisors are unaffected due to the protection by the tongue.

• Seen as white or dark brown collar of caries around the neck o f the incisors, which develops into

faciolingual caries and may also fracture the tooth.

• The main etiology is that the child is put to bed with a nursing bottle containing milk or sugar containing beverages. The child falls asleep and the milk or sweetened liquid becomes pooled around the maxillary anterior teeth. This provides an excellent culture medium for acidogenic microorganisms.

Salivary flow is reduced during sleep and clearance of the liquid from the oral cavity is slowed.

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