The periodontal disease index was given by:

 # The periodontal disease index was given by:

A. Russel 

B. Ramfjord

C. Silness and Loe

D. Dean

The correct answer is B. Ramjford.

A method of assessing the periodontal status, first defined by Ramfjord in 1967, and used to establish the need for treatment and to evaluate the results following treatment. It is a modification of the periodontal disease index of Russell. Six teeth are examined and scored for gingivitis, calculus and plaque deposits, mobility, lack of tooth contact, and depth of gingival crevice (mobility and lack of tooth contact may be omitted). The PDI is the total of the scores for each tooth divided by the number of teeth examined: the higher the score, the more severe the periodontal disease.

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Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) was introduced first in:

 # Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) was introduced first in:

A. USA

B. Tanzania

C. China

D. New Zealand

The correct answer is B. Tanzania.

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) was initiated in the mid-eighties in Tanzania in response to an inappropriately functioning community oral health programme that was based on western health care models and western technology. The approach has evolved to its present standing as an effective minimal intervention approach mainly because the originators anticipated the great potential of ART to alleviate inequality in oral health care, and because they recognised the need to carry out research to investigate its effectiveness and applicability. Twenty-five years later, ART was accepted by the World Health Organisation (1994) and the FDI World Dental Federation (2002). It is included in textbooks on cariology, restorative dentistry and minimal intervention dentistry. It is being systematically introduced into public oral health service systems in a number of low- and middle income countries.

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Incidence can be best studied by:

# Incidence can be best studied by:

A. Cross sectional study

B. Longitudinal study

C. Cohort study

D. Case control study

The correct answer is B. Longitudinal Study.

At the most basic level, epidemiologic study designs are cross-sectional or longitudinal. A cross sectional study is one in which both exposure to risk factors and the health outcomes in a group of people who are, or are assumed to be, a sample of a particular population (a “cross section”) are assessed at the same time. A longitudinal study is one in which the same group of people is studied on two or more occasions so that incidence, the change in a condition over time, can be assessed.

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Pulp horn that is most likely to be exposed during cavity preparation on deciduous molars is:

 # Pulp horn that is most likely to be exposed during cavity preparation on deciduous molars is:

A. Mesiobuccal of first molar

B. Distobuccal of first molar

C. Mesiobuccal of second molar

D. Distobuccal of second molar

The correct answer is A. Mesiobuccal of first molar

The mesiobuccal pulpal horn of the primary first molars occupies a prominent portion of the pulp chamber. It is the largest pulp horn in both the maxillary and mandibular first primary molar and is commonly exposed during cavity preparation.

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The mean daily eruption velocity of tooth is _______ micrometer/day.

 # The mean daily eruption velocity of tooth is _______ micrometer/day.

A. 51

B. 71

C. 61

D. 81

The correct answer is B. 71 micrometer per day.

The mean daily eruption velocity was seen to be 71µm / day. It is also believed that the effect of eruption significantly increases in supine position overnight.

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Which periodontal fibers are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of alveolar bone?

 # Which periodontal fibers are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of alveolar bone?

A. Apical 

B. Oblique

C. Alveolar crest group

D. Transseptal

The correct answer is D. Transseptal.

Transseptal group: Extends interproximally over alveolar bone crest and are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth. They are reconstructed even after destruction of the alveolar bone has occurred in the periodontal disease and are responsible for returning teeth to their original state after orthodontic therapy. 

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Gracey curette number 17/18 is used for:

# Gracey curette number 17/18 is used for:

A. Mesial surfaces of anterior teeth

B. Distal surfaces of anterior teeth

C. Mesial surfaces of posterior teeth

D. Distal surfaces of posterior teeth

The correct answer is D. Distal surfaces of posterior teeth. 

Double-ended Gracey curettes are paired in the following manner:

Gracey #1-2 and 3-4: Anterior teeth

Gracey #5-6: Anterior teeth and premolars

Gracey #7-8 and 9-10: Posterior teeth: facial and lingual

Gracey #11-12: Posterior teeth: mesial

Gracey #13-14: Posterior teeth: distal

Single-ended Gracey curettes can also be obtained; a set of these curettes comprises 14 instruments. Although these curettes are designed to be used in specific areas, an experienced operator can adapt each instrument for use in several different areas by altering the position of his or her hand and the position of the patient.

Recent additions to the Gracey curette set have been the Gracey #15-16 and 17-18. The Gracey #15-16 is a modification of the standard #11-12 and is designed for the mesial surfaces of posterior teeth. 

The Gracey #17-18 is a modification of the #13-14. It has a terminal shank elongated by 3 mm and a more accentuated angulation of the shank to provide complete occlusal clearance and better access to all posterior distal surfaces.

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