Which of the following is the first sign that appears in hemorrhagic shock?

 # Which of the following is the first sign that appears in hemorrhagic shock?

A. Hypotension

B. Tachycardia

C. Vasoconstriction

D. Syncope

The correct answer is B. Tachycardia

• Hypovolemic shock develops after the loss of 40% of blood.
• Tachycardia is earliest sign of hemorrhagic shock.
• Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock in the victim of maxillofacial trauma.

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Pain due to gallstone can be perceived in all areas except:

 # Pain due to gallstone can be perceived in all areas except:

A. Right shoulder

B. Right hypochondrium

C. Right iliac fossa

D. Epigastrium

The correct answer is C. Right iliac fossa.

Gallstones may cause no signs or symptoms. If a gallstone lodges in a duct and causes a blockage, the resulting signs and symptoms may include:

• Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the upper right portion of your abdomen (right hypochondrium)
• Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the center of your abdomen, just below your breastbone (epigastrium)
• Back pain between your shoulder blades
• Pain in your right shoulder
• Nausea or vomiting

Gallstone pain may last several minutes to a few hours.

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Crown and loop space maintainer is a procedure in:

 # Crown and loop space maintainer is a procedure in:

A. Interceptive orthodontics

B. Preventive orthodontics

C. Corrective orthodontics

D. Orthodontic camouflage

The correct answer is B. Preventive Orthodontics

Following are some of the most commonly undertaken preventive orthodontic measures:

• Parent education
• Caries control
• Care of deciduous dentition
• Maintenance of shedding and eruption timetable
• Management of premature loss of deciduous teeth
• Management of ankylosis of deciduous teeth
• Management of prolonged retention of deciduous teeth
• Extraction of supernumerary teeth
• Management of oral habits
• Management of deeply locked first permanent molars
• Treatment of occlusal prematurities
• Management of abnormal frenum attachments
• Prevention of Milwaukee braces damage
• Space maintainers

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The Knutson’s technique of fluoride application is done in the years:

 # The Knutson’s technique of fluoride application is done in the years:

A. 3,7,11,13

B. 2,6,10,16

C. 8,13,18,31

D. 2,7,11,18

The correct answer is A. 3,7,11,13

It is the technique recommended by Knutson for the application of 2% neutral sodium fluoride. It consists of 4 applications at weekly intervals in a year at age group of 3, 7, 11, and 13 years. This age group was selected depending on the eruption of deciduous dentition, first permanent molar and incisors, premolar and canines and second molars respectively.

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Interceptive orthodontics does not include:

 # Interceptive orthodontics does not include:

A. Space maintainer

B. Oral hygiene measure

C. Frenectomy

D. Serial extraction

The correct answer is: B. Oral Hygiene Measure.

Various interceptive orthodontic procedures that will help in the correction or reduction of the severity of malocclusions are listed below:

• Serial extraction/guidance of occlusion
• Correction of developing crossbites
• Control of abnormal oral habits
• Proximal stripping of deciduous teeth to facilitate the eruption of adjacent permanent teeth
• Correction of occlusal interferences
• Interception of skeletal malrelations
• Space regaining
• Muscle exercises
• Removal of soft tissue and bony barriers
  
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In case of rampant caries, the ideal procedure to perform in the first visit is to:

 # In case of rampant caries, the ideal procedure to perform in the first visit is to:

A. Diet control instructions

B. Topical fluoride application

C. Gross excavation and restoration of teeth

D. Oral hygiene instructions

The correct answer is C. Gross excavation and restoration of teeth

RECOMMENDED TREATMENT PROTOCOL FOR RAMPANT CARIES

First visit:

• Lesions should be excavated and restored with ZOE.

• Drainage of abscess.

• Radiographs

• Diet chart should be given to record diet for 1 week.

• Parent counseling.

• Also topical fluoride administration.

Second visit: (one week after first week)

• Analysis of diet chart.

• Isolate sugar factors from the diet chart and control sugar exposure (diet instructions).

• Caries activity tests.

Third visit:

• Endodontic treatment.

• Extraction of unrestorable teeth followed by space maintenance.

• Crowns.

• Recall every 3 months.

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The periodontal disease index was given by:

 # The periodontal disease index was given by:

A. Russel 

B. Ramfjord

C. Silness and Loe

D. Dean

The correct answer is B. Ramjford.

A method of assessing the periodontal status, first defined by Ramfjord in 1967, and used to establish the need for treatment and to evaluate the results following treatment. It is a modification of the periodontal disease index of Russell. Six teeth are examined and scored for gingivitis, calculus and plaque deposits, mobility, lack of tooth contact, and depth of gingival crevice (mobility and lack of tooth contact may be omitted). The PDI is the total of the scores for each tooth divided by the number of teeth examined: the higher the score, the more severe the periodontal disease.

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