Best radiographic technique for demonstration of internal derangements of the TMJ

 # The best radiographic technique for demonstration of internal derangements of the TMJ is:

A. MRI

B. CT scan

C. Arthrography

D. Conventional radiographs

The correct answer is A. MRI. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve X-rays or the use of ionizing radiation, which distinguishes it from CT and PET scans. MRI is a medical application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other NMR applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.

MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for medical diagnosis, staging and follow-up of disease. Compared to CT, MRI provides better contrast in images of soft-tissues, e.g. in the brain or abdomen. However, it may be perceived as less comfortable by patients, due to the usually longer and louder measurements with the subject in a long, confining tube. Additionally, implants and other non-removable metal in the body can pose a risk and may exclude some patients from undergoing an MRI examination safely.

MRI: Distinguishes blood vessels and nerves from surrounding soft tissues.

MRI should not be used in patients with cardiac pacemakers, metallic restorations, and ortho-appliance

Internal derangement of TMJ can be best diagnosed by MRI.

A patient of head injury should be carried in ________ position.

 # A patient of head injury should be carried in ________ position.

A. Prone

B. Supine

C. Lateral

D. Sitting

The correct answer is C. Lateral.

Patients with head injury should be carried in semiprone position and never on their back. This prevents the accumulation of blood and secretions and pulls the tongue forward in semi or unconscious patients.

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In modified radical neck dissection, the structure preserved is:

 # In modified radical neck dissection, the structure preserved is:

A. Submandibular gland

B. Spinal accessory nerve

C. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

D. Internal jugular vein

The correct answer is A. Submandibular gland.

Radical neck dissection (RND)

Removal of all cervical lymphatics and lymph nodes from level IV, with sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein.

Modified radical neck dissection (MRND)

Involves the removal of cervical lymphatics and lymph nodes from levels IV along with one or more of the non lymphatic structures mentioned below:

• The spinal accessory nerve (SAN)

• The internal jugular vein (IJV)

• The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

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MCQs on General Pathology - Wound Healing and Repair

# Synthesis of DNA occurs in which phase of cell cycle?
A. Mitosis-M phase
B. Gap- G1 phase
C. Gap-G2 phase
D. Synthesis- S phase

# Correct sequence of cell cycle is:
A. G0-G1-S-G2-M
B. G0-G1-G2-S-M
C. G0-M-G2-S-G1
D. G0-G1-S-M-G2

General Pathology MCQs - Pathological Deposits

# Which of the following is a interstitial accumulation that leads to compression and degeneration of cell?
A. Amyloid
B. Protein accumulation such as Russel bodies seen in plasma cell
C. Fat accumulation seen in fatty liver
D. Hydropic and vascular changes due to water accumulation

# All of the following characteristics of amyloid can be used to distinguish it from other hyaline degeneration EXCEPT:
A. Intracellular accumulation
B. Affinity for congo red stain
C. It is formed due to accumulation of immunoglobulins
D. Immunofluorescein isothiocyanate test or secondary to predisposing diseases

Lyonization type of Amelogenesis imperfecta is seen in:

 # Lyonization type of Amelogenesis imperfecta is seen in:

A. X linked dominant

B. Autosomal dominant

C. Autosomal recessive

D. X linked recessive

The correct answer is A. X linked dominant.

Lyonization- The inactivation of an X chromosome. It is seen in X linked dominant diseases.

It is named after geneticist Mary Lyon. The process of lyonization is the deactivation of the genes of one random X chromosome in women to avoid duplication of the genes. 

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The principal action of ammonia in syncope is as a:

 # The principal action of ammonia in syncope is as a:

A. Respiratory stimulant

B. Vagal stimulant

C. Vasomotor stimulant

D. Inhibitor of vasomotor tone

The correct answer is A. Respiratory Stimulant.

Aromatic ammonia is used to treat vasodepressor syncope as well as respiratory depression not induced by opioid analgesics

Aromatic ammonia is the agent of choice for inclusion in the emergency kit as a respiratory stimulant. It is available in a silver-gray vaporole, which is crushed and placed under the breathing victim’s nose until respiratory stimulation is effected. Aromatic ammonia has a noxious odor and irritates the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, stimulating the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the medulla. This action in turn increases respiration and blood pressure. Movement of the arms and legs often occurs in response to ammonia inhalation; these movements further increase blood flow and raise blood pressure, especially in the patient who has been positioned properly (e.g., supine with feet elevated slightly).

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