An 'orphan drug' is:

 # An 'orphan drug' is:

A. A very cheap drug

B. A drug which has no therapeutic use

C. A drug needed for treatment or prevention of a rare disease

D. A drug which acts on Orphanin receptors

The correct answer is C. A drug needed for treatment or prevention of a rare disease.

Orphan Drugs These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease (endemic only in resource poor countries) for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that drug. The list includes sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B, miltefosine, rifabutin, succimer, somatropin, digoxin immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3) and many more. Though these drugs may be life saving for some patients, they are commercially difficult to obtain as a medicinal product. Governments in developed countries offer tax benefits and other incentives to pharmaceutical companies for developing and marketing orphan drugs (e.g. Orphan Drug Act in USA).

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Drug of choice for monilial diarrhoea is:

 # The drug of choice for monilial diarrhoea is:

A. Flucytosine

B. Nystatin

C. Natamycin

D. Ketoconazole

The correct answer is B. Nystatin.

NYSTATIN: Obtained from S. noursei, it is similar to Amphotericin  B (AMB) in antifungal action and other properties. However, because of higher systemic toxicity, it is used only locally in superficial candidiasis.

Given orally, it is not absorbed; can be used for monilial diarrhoea (due to superinfection or otherwise), 5 lac U TDS (1 mg = 2000 U). Nausea and bad taste in mouth are the only side effects.

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Tinea infection of body is called:

 # Tinea infection of body is called:

A. Tinea cruris

B. Tinea corporis

C. Tinea pedis

D. Tinea capitis

The correct answer is B. Tinea corporis.

“Tinea” means fungus, the cause of the rash, and “corporis” means the body. It's a superficial fungal skin infection caused by dermatophytes, which are a type of fungus.

Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a ring. Jock itch gets its name because it's common in athletes. It's also common in people who sweat a lot or who are overweight.

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes.

Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It usually causes itchy, scaly, bald patches on the head. Ringworm gets its name because of its circular appearance. No worm is involved. Ringworm of the scalp is a contagious infection.

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Which drug should be avoided by patient with severe renal impairment?

 # Which drug should be avoided by patient with severe renal impairment?

A. Aminoglycosides

B. Rifampicin

C. Glibenclamide

D. Clofibrate

The correct answer is A. Aminoglycosides.

Certain drugs worsen the existing clinical condition in renal failure, e.g.

• Tetracyclines have an anti-anabolic effect and accentuate uraemia.

• NSAIDs cause more fluid retention.

• Potentially nephrotoxic drugs, e.g. aminoglycosides, tetracyclines (except doxycycline), sulfonamides (crystalluria), vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, cyclosporine, amphotericin B should be avoided.

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What spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine ?

 # ________ spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine.

A. Carbohydrate

B. Fiber

C. Tropocollagen

D. Collagen

The correct answer is C. Tropocollagen.

Tropocollagen spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine. 

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Which classification of lipid consist of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ?

 # Which classification of lipid consist of hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A. Sphingophospholipids

B. Glycolipids

C. Phospholipids

D. Phosphoglycerides

The correct answer is C. Phospholipids.

Phospholipids are composed of glycerol or sphingosine, two fatty acids, and phosphoric acid. They are an important component of membranes since they have hydrophobic (fatty acid) and hydrophilic (phosphoric acid) domains. Phosphoglycerides are composed of glycerol, fatty acids and phosphate.

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) are composed of carbohydrate, sphingosine, and fatty acid.

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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

 # Which of the following is true?

A. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation fails to describe the relationship between pK and pH

B. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH

C. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation cannot be used to determine the dissociation of ionizable groups at a given pH

D. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is not valid or viable

The correct answer is B. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine the dissociation of ionizable groups at a given pH.

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