Origin and insertion of which of the following muscles can be seen clearly from outside?

 # Origin and insertion of which of the following muscles can be seen clearly from outside?

A. Masseter

B. Platysma

C. Sternocleidomastoid

D. All of the above

The correct answer is C. Sternocleidomastoid.

Sternocleidomastoid forms the most important landmark on the side of the neck. It becomes prominent

when the face is turned to the opposite side and is seen as a raised ridge extending obliquely from the sternum to the mastoid process. It is the key muscle of the neck which extends obliquely across the side of the neck, dividing it into posterior and anterior triangles.

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Chronological hypoplasia is:

 # Chronological hypoplasia is:

A. Hypoplasia of local origin

B. Hypoplasia of systemic origin

C. Hypoplasia of hereditary origin

D. None of the above

The correct answer is B. Hypoplasia of systemic origin.

Hypoplasia and hypocalcification may be caused by systemic, local or hereditary factors. Hypoplasia of systemic origin is termed as chronologic hypoplasia, because the lesion is found in the areas of those teeth where the enamel was formed during the systemic disturbance. 

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Which of the following is most frequently noted in patient populations suffering from chronic temporomandibular joint disorder?

 # Which of the following is most frequently noted in patient populations suffering from chronic temporomandibular joint disorder?

A. Passive aggressive disorder

B. Borderline personality disorder

C. Sociopathy

D. Schizotypical behavior

E. Depression psychosis

The correct answer is E. Depression psychosis.

Depression psychosis is a condition which may worsen with the presence of TMJ dysfunction.

Several studies suggest that the presence of depression is a common condition among people experiencing chronic pain, especially TMD.

People most prone to TMJ possess a malocclusion. Other factors that cause TMJ disease include grinding teeth during sleep (bruxism), having an overbite, and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Eruption time of deciduous maxillary second molar is:

 # Eruption time of deciduous maxillary second molar is:

A. 18 months

B. 20 months

C. 24 months

D. 28 months

The correct answer is D. 28 months.

The range of time for the crowns of primary dentition to fully erupt is between 7 to 30 months, whereas crown formation of all primary teeth is completed by 12 months of age. The range of time for the crowns of permanent dentition to fully erupt is between 6 to 13 years, (except for third molar).

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The major connector of choice in a patient with high lingual frenum is:

 # The major connector of choice in a patient with high lingual frenum is:

A. Lingual bar

 B. Labial bar

C. Lingual plate

D. None of the above

The correct answer is C. Lingual plate.

Indications of Lingual plate mandibular major connector:

- When most posterior teeth are lost and additional indirect retention is required.

- When remaining teeth are not periodontally sound.

- When there is no space for lingual bar.

- Presence of inoperable mandibular tori.

- When patient has bilateral distal extension edentulous areas and resorbed ridges and when anterior teeth lack bony support.

- When one or more incisor teeth have to be replaced in the future. The lingual plate is preferred because additional teeth can be added by attaching retention loops to it.

- When there is excessive vertical ridge resorption in Kennedy’s class I cases to resist horizontal rotations.

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Polyene antibiotics exhibit their action on:

 # Polyene antibiotics exhibit their action on:

A. Cell membrane

B. Cell wall

C. Cell nucleus

D. Ribosomes

The correct answer is A. Cell Membrane.

Amphotericin, the polyenes antibiotics, have high affinity for ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to orient themselves to produce micropore through which ions, amino acids and water-soluble substances move out. It is not effective against bacteria as it does not contain sterol in their cell membrane. 

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Early bell stage is associated with:

 # Early bell stage is associated with:

A. Initiation

B. Proliferation

C. Histodifferentiation

D. Apposition

The correct answer is C. Histodifferentiation.

Morphologic stages and physiologic process related to each stage: 

• Dental lamina & Bud stage -Initiation 

• Cap stage -Proliferation 

• Early bell stage - Histodifferentiation 

• Advanced bell stage - Morpho-differentiation 

• Formation of enamel & dentin matrix - Apposition 

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