Teeth that are least affected by periodontal disease are:

 # Teeth that are least affected by periodontal disease are: 

A. Lower first molars and upper anteriors 

B. Lower premolars and upper canines 

C. Lower first molars and upper incisors and premolars 

D. Lower centrals, laterals and upper molars 

The correct answer is B. Lower premolars and upper canines.

Teeth least affected by periodontitis are upper canine and lower second premolar. Most affected are lower molars. The teeth that are moderately affected by periodontal disease are all the upper molars; the upper centrals. laterals, and premolars; and the lower canines. 

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The malleting force is directed:

 # The malleting force is directed:

A. Perpendicular to the walls

B. Parallel to the long axis of crown

C. 45 degrees to the wall

D. 30 degrees to the wall

The correct answer is C. 45 degrees to the wall.

To ensure dense masses in corners and at the junction between two walls, the line of force must be directed to bisect line angles and trisect point angles.

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Which of the following is not a function of flux?

 # Which of the following is not a function of flux?

A. To remove any oxide coating on parent metal

B. To restrict the flow of solder over the parent metal

C. To protect metal surface from oxidation during soldering procedures

D. To permit the flow of solder over parent metal

The correct answer is B. To restrict the flow of solder over the parent metal, this is the function of antiflux, not flux.

The Latin word ‘flux’ means flow. For a solder to wet and flow properly, the parent metal must be free of oxides. This is accomplished with the help of a flux.

FUNCTION OF FLUX

1. To remove any oxide coating on the parent metal.

2. To protect the metal surface from oxidation during soldering.

TYPES

Fluxes may be divided into three activity types.

- Protective: This type covers the metal surface and prevents access to oxygen so no oxide can form.

- Reducing: This reduces any oxide present to free metal and oxygen.

- Solvent: This type dissolves any oxide present and carries it away. Most fluxes are usually

combination of two or more of the above.

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The temperature difference between gelation and liquefaction temperature of hydrocolloid is:

 # The temperature difference between gelation and liquefaction temperature of hydrocolloid is: 

A. Syneresis

B. Imbibition

C. Hysteresis

D. Chelation

The correct answer is C. Hysteresis.

Most materials melt as well as resolidify at the same temperature. However in agar this does not coincide. Gelation (solidification) occurs at 37°C approximately, whereas liquefaction (melting) occurs at a higher temperature, i.e., 60 to 70°C higher than the gelation temperature. This temperature lag between liquefaction and gelation is known as hysteresis.

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Burning sensation of tongue is termed:

 # Burning sensation of tongue is termed:

A. Glossopyrosis 

B. Glossodynia

C. Glossoptosis

D. Odynophagia

The correct answer is A. Glossopyrosis.

Glossopyrosis is burning tongue. Various systemic and local factors had been suggested as the etiology of burning tongue, like nutritional deficiency, diabetes, gastric hyperacidity, psychological factors, xerostomia, candidiasis, use of tobacco etc. Glossodynia is painful tongue, odynophagia is pain during swallowing. Glossoptosis is airway obstruction caused by falling back of the tongue. 

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Which of the following parts of hard palate is devoid of submucosa?

 # Which of the following parts of hard palate is devoid of submucosa?

A. Anterolateral

B. Posterolateral

C. Raphe

D. Incisive papilla

The correct answer is C. Raphe.

Masticatory mucosa in the oral cavity covers the gingiva and hard palate. In gingiva a separate submucosal layer does not exist as compared to hard palate. Underlying tissue without intervening submucosa and is called as mucoperiosteum. In hard palate, submucosa is absent in regions adjacent to gingiva and midpalatal raphe. In midpalatal raphe, submucosa is absent and dense lamina propria directly attaches to the bone. In anterolateral parts submucosa is rich in fatty adipose tissue and posterolateral regions it is glandular in nature with numerous minor salivary glands. 

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Helena Vinayak Dental Clinic Pvt. Ltd. Kageshowri Manohara 9,Bagmati zone, Kathmandu

 Name of Dental Clinic: Helena Vinayak Dental Clinic Pvt. Ltd.

Address (Full): Kageshowri Manohara 9,Bagmati zone, Kathmandu..

Year of Establishment: 2015A.D. (2072 B.S.)

Name of the chief Dental Surgeon: Dr. Helena Khadka

CONTACT NUMBER: 9849895320

NMC Number of Dental Surgeon: 13625

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