Break up time test is done for:

# Break up time test is done for:

a. Sjogren’s syndrome

b. Scleroderma

c. Myasthenia gravis

d. Guillian barre syndrome

The correct answer is a. Sjogren's syndrome.

Tear break-up time (TBUT) also known as tear film break-up time (TFBUT) is the time taken for the first dry spot to appear on the cornea after a complete blink. TFBUT measurement is an easy and fast method used to assess the stability of tear film. It is a standard diagnostic procedure in the dry eye clinics. 

Tear film break-up time is abnormal in several conditions like aqueous tear deficiency, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, mucin deficiency, and meibomian gland disorders. Evaporative dryness can also be seen in conditions like lagophthalmos, proptosis, Parkinson's disease, computer vision syndrome, contact lens use, drugs (antihistamines, beta blockers, antispasmodics, diuretics) and vitamin A deficiency, amongst others. 

First order bends are:

 # First order bends are: 

a) Tipping bends. 

b) Torquing bends. 

c) In and out bends. 

d) Anchorage bends. 

The correct answer is C. In and out bends.

First Order Bends

The first order bends or in-out bends are placed to compensate for differences in the buccolingual prominence of the teeth. They comprise of the lateral inset, the canine offset and the molar offset.

Second Order Bends

The second order bends are placed to achieve correct mesiodistal axial inclination of teeth. They comprise the tip back bends placed in the posterior segments.

Third Order Bends

The third order bends or torque are placed to get correct buccolingual position by moving the roots. They are placed by twisting the arch wire. 

What tends to maintain the integrity of a bone implant interface?

 

# _______ tend to maintain the integrity of a bone implant interface:

a. Compressive force 

b. tensile force 

c. Shear force 

d. All the above 

The correct answer is A. Compressive force.

Forces may be described as compressive, tensile, or shear. Compressive forces attempt to push masses toward each other. Tensile forces pull objects apart. Shear forces on implants cause sliding. Whereas compressive forces tend to maintain the integrity of a bone–implant interface, tensile and shear forces tend to distract or disrupt such an interface. Shear forces are most destructive to implants and bone compared with other load modalities. In general, compressive forces are accommodated best by the complete implant–prosthesis system. Cortical bone is strongest in compression and weakest in shear.

Atherosclerosis is due to:

 # Atherosclerosis is due to 

a. HDL receptor defect 

b. apolipoprotein E deficiency 

c. decreased LDL activity 

d. decreased lipoprotein lipase 

The correct answer is B. Apolipoprotein E deficiency.

Apolipoprotein (apo) E is recognized for its unparalleled ability to suppress atherosclerosis .The expression of apoE in the macrophage has long been recognized to suppress atherosclerosis by preventing foam cell formation in the vessel wall.

APOE was initially recognized for its importance in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Defects in APOE result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia aka type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron, VLDL and LDL.

An amalgam restoration is considered:

 # An amalgam restoration is considered _____.

A. Primary prevention

B. Secondary prevention

C. Tertiary prevention

D. Both primary and tertiary prevention

The correct answer is B. Secondary prevention.

Secondary prevention is the elimination or reduction of a disease after it occurs. An amalgam restoration is considered secondary prevention because tooth decay is removed and a restoration is placed. 

Amount of fluoride in smear size toothpaste for children age less than 3 years:

 # Amount of fluoride in smear size toothpaste for children age less than 3 years: 

a. 0.1mg 

b. 0.2 mg 

c. 0.5 mg 

d. 1 mg 

The correct answer is A. 0.1 mg.

For children younger than 3 years, caregivers should begin brushing children's teeth as soon as they begin to come into the mouth by using fluoride toothpaste in an amount no more than a smear or the size of a grain of rice. Teeth should be brushed thoroughly twice per day (morning and night) or as directed by a dentist or physician. Children's brushing should be supervised to ensure that they use the appropriate amount of toothpaste.

Source: AAPD recommendation 2021

A person with glaucoma should not receive:

 # A person with glaucoma should not receive: 

a. Sedatives 

b. Vasoconstrictors 

c. Anti-sialogogues 

d. Local anesthetics 

The correct answer is C. Anti-sialogogues.

Antimuscarinic mydriatics like tropicamide, cyclopentolate, etc. produce both mydriasis and cycloplegia, and tend to raise i.o.p. in glaucoma patients. Therefore, antimuscarinics are to be avoided in glaucoma patients.