Back pressure porosity can be avoided by:

  # Back pressure porosity can be avoided by:

A. Using asbestos liners

B. Placing the sprue at least one quarter inch away from the end of casting ring

C. Preventing rapid heating of investment

D. Using a short and wide sprue

The correct answer is B. Placing the sprue at least one quarter inch away from the end of casting ring

Entrapped air bubbles on the inner surface of the casting, sometimes referred to as back-pressure porosity, can produce large concave depressions. This is caused by the inability of the air in the mold to escape through the pores in the investment or by the pressure gradient that displaces the air pocket toward the end of the investment via the molten sprue and button. The incidence of entrapped air can be increased by the use of the dense modern investments.

All castings probably contain a certain amount of porosity, as exemplified by the photomicrographs. This should be minimized because it may adversely affect the physical properties of the casting. Proper burnout, an adequate mold and casting temperature, a sufficiently high casting pressure, and a proper investment L/P ratio can minimize or eliminate entrapped air porosity. It is good practice to make sure that the thickness of investment between the tip of the pattern and the end of the ring is not greater than 6 mm. 



Dull aching, continuous pain is transmitted by which of these nerve fibers

  # Dull aching, continuous pain is transmitted by which of these nerve fibers?

A. A delta fibers

B. B fibers

C. C fibers

D. A alpha fibers

The correct answer is C. C fibers.

C fibers transmit late, dull pain due to its high threshold. The C fibers are unmyelinated, have slower conduction velocity and are associated with a dull, aching or burning sensation.



First number in the instrument formula indicates:

  # First number in the instrument formula indicates:

A. Length of the blade in centimeters

B. 1/10th of the width

C. Angulation of the blade in degrees

D. Primary cutting edge angle

The correct answer is B. 1/10th of the width.

The complete instrument formula (four numbers) is expressed as the blade width (1) in 0.1-mm increments, cutting edge angle (2) in centigrades, blade length (3) in millimeters, and blade angle (4) in

centigrades.

Reference: Sturdevant's, 2018, Mosby



Nasolabial cyst is thought to arise from:

  # Nasolabial cyst is thought to arise from:

A. Remnant of cell rest of Serres

B. Remnant of cell rest of Malassez

C. Remnant of cell rest of embryonic lacrimal duct

D. Maxillary sinus lining epithelium

The correct answer is C. Remnant of cell rest of embryonic lacrimal duct.

Nasolabial cyst is a very uncommon cyst which forms outside the bone in the soft tissues, deep to the nasolabial fold. It probably arises from the lower end of the nasolacrimal duct and is occasionally

bilateral. It presents over a wide age range, mostly in middle-aged adults, and much more commonly in females. The cysts form soft tissue swellings in the upper lip, distort the nostril and cause pressure resorption of the anterior maxilla if large. 



Buccal cusp of maxillary tooth placed lingual to the lingual cusp of mandibular posterior teeth is referred to as:

 # Buccal cusp of maxillary tooth placed lingual to the lingual cusp of mandibular posterior teeth is referred to as: 

A. Buccal occlusion

B. Buccal non occlusion

C. Lingual non occlusion

D. Lingual occlusion

The correct answer is C. Lingual non occlusion.

The standard probing depth, which requires referral to periodontist, at the time of evaluation of phase 1:

 # The standard probing depth, which requires referral to periodontist, at the time of evaluation of phase 1: 

A. 5 mm 

B. 6 mm 

C. 7 mm 

D. 8 mm 

The correct answer is A. 5 mm.

Pocket depth of 5 and above should be referred to a periodontist.

The deficiency of which of the following nutrients is well tolerated by humans?

 # The deficiency of which of the following nutrients is well tolerated by humans?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Lipid

C. Protein 

D. Vitamins

The correct answer is A. Carbohydrate.

Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones, or campounds which produce them on hydrolysis. The term sugor is applied to carbohydrates soluble in water and sweet to taste. Carbohydrates are the major dietary energy sources, besides their involvement in cell structure and various other functions.

Carbohydrates are broadly classified into 3 groups- monosaccharides, oligosoccharides, and polysaccharides. The monosacchsrides are further divided into different categories based an the presence of functional groups (aldoses or ketoses) and the number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentases, hexoses and heptoses).

Glyceraldehyde (triose) is the simplest carbohydrate and is chosen as a reference to write the configuratian of all other monasaccharides (D- and L- forms). If two monosaccharides differ in their structure around a single carbon atom, they are known as epimers. Glucose and galactose are C4-epimers.