Penetration of sealers into the detinal tubules mainly depends on:

 # Penetration of sealers into the dentinal tubules mainly depends on:

A. Sealer thickness

B. Method of obturation

C. Type of final irrigant used

D. Type of sealer

The correct answer is B. Method of obturation.

The smear layer may interfere with the adhesion and penetration of root canal sealers. It also may prevent gutta-percha penetration during thermoplastic techniques. Significant tubular penetrations of gutta-percha and sealers have been reported with thermoplasticized obturations and with dentin-bonded composite resins. Removal of the smear layer also enhances the adhesion of sealers to dentin and tubular penetration. Root canal filling materials adapt better to the canal walls after smear layer removal.

Which of the following statements applies to globular dentin?

 # Which of the following statements applies to globular dentin? 

a. Deposited first along the dentinoenamel junction. 

b. Mineralized by matrix vesicles. 

c. Separates mantle dentin from circumpulpal dentin. 

d. Secreted by immature odontoblasts. 

The correct answer is C. Separates mantle dentin from circumpulpal dentin.

Sometimes mineralization of dentin begins in small globular areas that fail to coalesce into a homogeneous mass. This results in zones of hypomineralization between the globules. These zones are known as globular dentin or interglobular spaces. This dentin forms in the crowns of teeth in the circumpulpal dentin just below the mantle dentin, and it follows the incremental pattern. The dentinal tubules pass uninterruptedly through interglobular dentin, thus demonstrating defect of mineralization and not of matrix formation. 

Which is NOT a paired bone of the skull?

 # Which is NOT a paired bone of the skull?

a. Nasal.

b. Maxilla.

c. Lacrimal.

d. Sphenoid.

The correct answer is D. Sphenoid. 

Out of the 8 cranial bones, Parietal and Temporal are only paired. Occipital, Sphenoid, Frontal and Ethmoid are unpaired bones of the skull. Nasal, Maxilla and Lacrimal bones are paired though they don't constitute the cranium, they are facial bones.

Admixed high copper alloy powder contains:

  # Admixed high copper alloy powder contains:

A. 9-20% copper

B. 13-20% copper

C. 9-30% copper

D. 13-30% copper

The correct answer is A. 9-20% copper.

In low copper alloys, copper is less than 6% by weight. In high copper single composition alloys, 13-30% copper by weight is present whereas in high copper admixed alloys, 9-20% copper is present.



Back pressure porosity can be avoided by:

  # Back pressure porosity can be avoided by:

A. Using asbestos liners

B. Placing the sprue at least one quarter inch away from the end of casting ring

C. Preventing rapid heating of investment

D. Using a short and wide sprue

The correct answer is B. Placing the sprue at least one quarter inch away from the end of casting ring

Entrapped air bubbles on the inner surface of the casting, sometimes referred to as back-pressure porosity, can produce large concave depressions. This is caused by the inability of the air in the mold to escape through the pores in the investment or by the pressure gradient that displaces the air pocket toward the end of the investment via the molten sprue and button. The incidence of entrapped air can be increased by the use of the dense modern investments.

All castings probably contain a certain amount of porosity, as exemplified by the photomicrographs. This should be minimized because it may adversely affect the physical properties of the casting. Proper burnout, an adequate mold and casting temperature, a sufficiently high casting pressure, and a proper investment L/P ratio can minimize or eliminate entrapped air porosity. It is good practice to make sure that the thickness of investment between the tip of the pattern and the end of the ring is not greater than 6 mm. 



Dull aching, continuous pain is transmitted by which of these nerve fibers

  # Dull aching, continuous pain is transmitted by which of these nerve fibers?

A. A delta fibers

B. B fibers

C. C fibers

D. A alpha fibers

The correct answer is C. C fibers.

C fibers transmit late, dull pain due to its high threshold. The C fibers are unmyelinated, have slower conduction velocity and are associated with a dull, aching or burning sensation.



First number in the instrument formula indicates:

  # First number in the instrument formula indicates:

A. Length of the blade in centimeters

B. 1/10th of the width

C. Angulation of the blade in degrees

D. Primary cutting edge angle

The correct answer is B. 1/10th of the width.

The complete instrument formula (four numbers) is expressed as the blade width (1) in 0.1-mm increments, cutting edge angle (2) in centigrades, blade length (3) in millimeters, and blade angle (4) in

centigrades.

Reference: Sturdevant's, 2018, Mosby