Marked salivary gland hypofunction

 # Stimulated whole salivary flow rate of less than _____ ml/min indicates marked salivary gland hypofunction. 

A. 0.6 

B. 0.7 

C. 0.8 

D. 0.9 

The correct answer is B. 0.7.

It is difficult to define absolute “normal” values for salivary output due to great interindividual variability and, consequently, a large range of normal values exists. About 0.3– 0.4 mL/min for unstimulated flow and 1.5–2.0 mL/min for stimulated flow are considered normal. Unstimulated whole

saliva flow rates of < 0.1 mL/min and stimulated whole saliva flow rates of < 0.7 mL/min are abnormally low and indicative of marked salivary gland hypofunction. Higher levels of output do not guarantee that function is normal, however, as they may represent marked hypofunction for some individuals. Therefore, these stated values represent a lower limit of normal and should serve only as a guide for the clinician.

Reference: Burket’s Oral Medicine, Thirteenth Edition

The presence of fluoride in communal water supplies have demonstrated appreciably lesser benefits, this is due to:

 # The presence of fluoride in communal water supplies have demonstrated appreciably lesser benefits, this is due to 

A. Adverse effect 

B. Halo effect 

C. Bacteriostatic effect 

D. None of the above 

The correct answer is B. Halo effect.

Several studies concerning the reduced prevalence of dental caries associated with the presence of fluoride in communal water supplies have demonstrated appreciably lesser benefits, typically ranging between 18% and 30%. This decrease in attributable benefit is due to the so-called halo effect associated with the preparation of numerous foods and beverages in fluoridated communities and their consumption in nonfluoridated communities.

Reference: Mc Donald 2nd South Asian Edition

The reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose:

 The reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose

A. Romazicon 

B. Naloxone

C. Sublimaze

D. Demerol

The correct answer is A. Romazicon.

-Flumazenil (Romazicon) is a direct, specific reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose. Pharmacologically, it acts as a competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepine receptor sites in the CNS. 

-Naloxone is a life-saving medication that can reverse an overdose from opioids, including heroin, fentanyl, and prescription opioid medications.

-Fentanyl (Sublimaze) is a potent synthetic opiate agonist. A dose of 0.1 mg is approximately equivalent to 10 mg of morphine or 75 mg of meperidine. Fentanyl acts rapidly, and after intramuscular injection the onset occurs in 7–15 min; duration of effects is 1– 2 h.

-Meperidine (Demerol) is a synthetic opiate agonist, closely related to fentanyl in chemical structure.

Reference: Mc Donald 2nd South Asian Edition

Genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of:

 # Genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of: 

A. Chronic periodontitis 

B. Aggressive periodontitis 

C. Both of the above 

D. None of the above 

The correct answer is C. Both of the above.

Though genetic factors play a dominant role in Aggressive cases, they are considered to be the aetiological factors in all kinds of periodontitis. 

Incisor liability in maxillary arch

 # Incisor liability is about ………..in maxillary arch.

A. 4.6 mm 

B. 5.4 mm 

C. 6.2 mm 

D. 7.6 mm 

The correct answer is D. 7.6 mm.

Incisor liability is about 7.6 mm in maxillary arch and 6 mm in mandibular arch. The incisor liability is compensated by three mechanisms:

a. Increased intercanine width: During the period of permanent incisor eruption, significant amount of increase in intercanine arch width occurs. It is about 3–4 mm.

b. Interdental spacing: Spacing present in primary dentition helps in alignment of incisor. The primate space present in the upper arch mesial to primary canine is also used.

c. Labial eruption of incisor: Primary incisor stand upright. The permanent incisors, which replace them, are labially proclined placing them in a wider arch.

Source: Mc Donald 2nd South Asian Edition

Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

# Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

A. Osteoporosis

B. Osteopetrosis

C. Sickle cell anemia

D. Thalassemia

The correct answer is D. Thalassemia.

"Crew - cut" or "Hair - on - end" appearance of skull is characteristic of both sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. In thalassemia radiographs of maxilla and mandible shows characteristic apparent coarsening of some trabeculae and the blurring and disappearance of others, resulting in "salt and pepper" effect.

Primary HSV infection for first few days is associated with elevated level of immunoglobulin:

 # Primary HSV infection for first few days is associated with elevated level of immunoglobulin: 

A. IgG 

B. IgA 

C. IgM 

D. IgE 

The correct answer is C. IgM.

Primary HSV infection is associated with elevated immunoglobulin (Ig)M titers that occur within days, followed several weeks later by permanent IgG titers (seroconversion) that indicate previous infection but confer no protection against reactivation. Recurrent infection is associated with a rise in IgG antibody titer in acute and convalescent sera, but a fourfold rise (a criterion that indicates active infection) is seen in only 5% of patients. The assay for HSV IgM is not particularly reliable for diagnostic purposes and overall, the use of serology to diagnose recurrent infection is not advised.

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