Earliest marker of renal damage in a known case of diabetes mellitus is:

 # Earliest marker of renal damage in a known case of diabetes mellitus is:

A. Microalbuminuria

B. Glycosuria

C. Increased serum creatinine

D. Increased serum urea

The correct answer is A. Microalbuminuria. 

Microalbuminuria refers to the urinary excretion of small amounts of albumin. The consistent presence

of albumin in the urine is abnormal and is clinically important in identifying the very early stages of glomerular disease, as occurs in conditions like diabetic nephropathy. Because significant renal damage

has already taken place before standard dipstick tests become positive, patients with diabetes mellitus should be screened regularly for microalbuminuria. Persistent microalbuminuria has also been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular  mortality but neither the mechanism of proteinuria nor an explanation for this association has been established.

Osteomyelitis in early stage on radiograph appear as:

 # Osteomyelitis in early stage on radiograph appear as:

A. Blurring of trabeculae

B. Dense radiopaque areas

C. Radiolucent foci

D. Formation of sequestrum

The correct answer is A. Blurring of trabeculae. 

Osteomyelitis is defined as inflammation of bone and its bone marrow. Acute osteomyelitis progresses rapidly and demonstrates limited radiographic evidence until 1-2 weeks. The earliest change noticed is fuzziness and indistinct trabeculae. Chronic osteomyelitis appears as moth eaten radiolucencies in the bone, along with appearance of radiopaque sequestrum. 

In pantomograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be:

 # In pantomograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be:

A. Blurred and diminished

B. Blurred and magnified

C. Either magnified or diminished

D. Only blurred

The correct answer is A. Blurred and diminished.

Anatomic structures present within the focal trough are well defined on panoramic radiographers. If the chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appear to be blurred and diminished. If the chin is placed posterior to the focal trough, structures appear blurred and magnified. 

Ball in hand appearance is seen in:

 # Ball in hand appearance is seen in:

A. Sialadenosis

B. Benign tumor of salivary gland

C. Sialadenitis

D. Sjogren’s syndrome

The correct answer is B. Benign tumor of salivary gland.

Benign tumors may present as low-intensity (dark) or high-intensity (light) tissue signals on MRI, although the relative intensity of the signal may indicate the presence of lipid, vascular, or fibrous

tissues. Sialography may suggest a space-occupying mass when the ducts are compressed or smoothly displaced around the lesion (the “ball-in-hand” appearance).

Ulcers on palate, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with positive heterophile agglutination test

 # A 20-year-old female reports with ulcers on palate, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Serum examination reveals positive heterophile agglutination test. What is the diagnosis? 

A. Rickettsia 

B. Measles 

C. Infectious Mononucleosis 

D. Chicken pox 

The correct answer is C. Infectious mononucleosis.

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS 

• It is also called Glandular fever, kissing disease.

Clinical features: 

• Age: Children or young adults with peak incidence 15-20 yrs. In children, most cases are asymptomatic. 

• Fever, sore throat, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy & hepatosplenomegaly are present. 

• Cervical lymph nodes are usually the 1st to exhibit enlargement. 

Oral manifestation: 

• Acute gingivitis & stomatitis present. 

• White grey membrane formation on various areas of oral & pharyngeal mucosa occurs. 

• Palatal Petechiae are often diagnostic. 

- Pin-point in size. 

- Present especially on soft palate & its junction with hard palate. 

- May help as an early diagnostic sign. 

Lab findings: 

• +ve Paul Bunnel test (Heterophile 'Ab' test) 

- Characteristic & pathognomonic of disease

- Heterophile 'Ab' titre increased up to 1: 4096 

• Atypical lymphocytosis: More than 50% lymphocytosis of which > 10% atypical 

• Thrombocytopenia 

• Antibodies to EBV present 

• Normal ESR 

Oedema may be caused by any of the following EXCEPT:

 # Oedema may be caused by any of the following EXCEPT :

A. An increase in the plasma protein concentration 

B. An increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure 

C. An increase in the capillary permeability 

D Lymphatic obstruction 

The correct answer is A. An increase in the plasma protein concentration.

Oedema is accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces and serous cavities.

Causes of oedema 

• Decreased plasma oncotic pressure 

• Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 

• Increased capillary permeability 

• Lymphatic obstruction 

• Tissue factors (increased oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid, and decreased tissue tension) 

• Sodium and water retention. 

Passivating layer on alloy is dissolved completely by:

 # Passivating layer on alloy is dissolved completely by:

A. Basic acid

B. Borax

C. Potassium fluoride

D. Graphite

The correct answer is C. Potassium fluoride. 

# Aluminum, chromium, and titanium have high affinity for oxygen and they form protective oxide film, which prevents further oxidation and corrosion. This is called passivation. For soldering these alloys, the passivating film should be dissolved. Potassium fluoride used as a flux dissolves passivating film so that the solder can wet the parts. 

# Flux is a compound applied to metal surfaces that dissolves or prevents the formation of oxides and other undesirable substances that may reduce the quality or strength of a soldered or brazed area. 

# There are three types of fluxes according to their primary purpose: - 

Type I: Surface protection- covers the metal surface and prevents access to oxygen so that no oxides can form. 

Type II: Reducing agent- reduces any oxides present and exposes clean metal. 

Type III: Solvent- dissolves any oxides present and carries them away. 

Fluxes for use with noble metal alloys are generally based on boric acid, boric anhydride, and borax. Chromium oxides that form on base metal alloys are more stable and fluoride containing fluxes are used as solvents to dissolve chromium, nickel, and cobalt oxides.