Inter transitional period is the period in which:

  # Inter transitional period is the period in which:

A. Permanent canine, premolar and molar erupt

B. Permanent molar has just erupted

C. 7-9 years of age with 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth

D. When all first molars are erupting

The correct answer is C. 7-9 years of age with 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth

Inter transitional period:

• Relatively stable phase 

• Teeth present are the permanent incisors and first molar (8 + 4 = 12) and deciduous canines and molars (4 + 8 = 12) 

Some of the features of this stage are: 

• Presence of Ugly duckling stage (7 to 9 years) 

• Root formation of emerged teeth + increase in alveolar process height 

• Root resorption of remaining deciduous molars 

• Preparatory phase for second transitional phase 

Class II division 2 features:

  # Class II division 2 features:

A. Maxillary centrals tipped palatally and in retruded position; maxillary lateral tipped labially and mesially 

B. Maxillary centrals tipped palatally and in retruded position; maxillary lateral tipped palatally 

C. Maxillary centrals tipped labially and in protruded position; maxillary lateral tipped labially and mesially 

D. Maxillary centrals tipped labially and in protruded position; maxillary lateral  tipped palatally 

The correct answer is A. Maxillary centrals tipped palatally and in retruded position; maxillary lateral tipped labially and mesially 

In class II division 2, it is typical for maxillary centrals to have linguoversion, whereas maxillary laterals are tipped in the labial mesial direction. Class II division 1 typically has maxillary centrals tipped labially and in a protruded position. Maxillary laterals are also tipped labially. 

All of the following are indications for removable appliances EXCEPT:

 # All of the following are indications for removable appliances EXCEPT:

A. Limited tipping movement

B. Retention after comprehensive treatment

C. Growth modification during mixed dentition

D. Close extraction spaces fully

The correct answer is D. Close extraction spaces fully.

Answer D is false because bodily tooth movement is required to close extraction space fully for which full orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is necessary.

Which of the following is not true with regard to anterior open bites (AOBs)?

 # Which of the following is not true with regard to anterior open bites (AOBs)? 

A. Digit sucking is commonly associated with symmetrical AOB with associated posterior cross-bite 

B. An AOB of skeletal etiology is associated with an increased Frankfort-mandibular plane angle 

C. An AOB due to digit sucking can usually resolve spontaneously in the early mixed dentition stage 

D. An AOB in permanent dentition cannot be treated with orthodontics alone

The correct answer is A. Digit sucking is commonly associated with symmetrical AOB with associated posterior cross-bite

Digit sucking often presents with an asymmetrical AOB with associated posterior cross-bite. An AOB of skeletal etiology is when the vertical component of facial growth is disproportionally greater than the horizontal growth. The patient presents with a 'long face', with an increased lower anterior facial height, pronounced antegonial notching, retrognathic chin, and reduced interincisal angle. 

A symmetrical AOB may be associated with endogenous tongue thrust.  An AOB due to digit sucking usually resolves when the patient breaks the habit in the early mixed dentition stage, but if the habit is not broken by the late mixed dentition stage a deterrent appliance may be fitted. If an AOB is present in permanent dentition it is unlikely to resolve spontaneously.  In some cases, it is possible to close mild AOBs with the orthodontic intrusion of molars. 

A 7-year-old child with multiple carious lesions is the subject of a care order. Which of the following best represents who should usually take responsibility for decisions about treatment?

 # A 7-year-old child with multiple carious lesions is the subject of a care order. Which of the following best represents who should usually take responsibility for decisions about treatment? 

A. Birth mother 

B. The child's foster parents 

C. The court 

D. The parents and local authority 

The correct answer is D. The parents and local authority.

The treating dentist must be aware of who has parental rights and responsibilities before carrying out treatment on children. This is even more important when a child is the subject of a care order, in which case the local authority has parental rights and responsibilities jointly shared with the parents. If the child is in voluntary care, parental rights, and responsibility still remain with the child's parents. It is best practice to confirm these details before starting treatment. 

For a loose complete denture relining and rebasing can be done in which of the following condition:

 # For a loose complete denture relining and rebasing can be done in which of the following condition:

A. Excessive alveolar bone loss 

B. When centric relation and centric occlusion do not coincide 

C. The patient is poor and cannot afford new dentures

D. More than 2 mm loss of alveolar bone height 

The correct answer is C.  The patient is poor and cannot afford new dentures.

Relining and rebasing Indications:

• Immediate dentures at 3 - 6 months after their original construction. 

• When the residual alveolar ridges have resorbed and the adaptation of the denture basis to the ridges is poor. 

• When patient cannot afford the cost of new dentures. 

• Geriatric or chronically ill patients 

• Centric occlusion should coincide with centric relation 

Contraindications: 

• Excessive amount of resorption 

• Abused soft tissues are present 

• Patient complains of temporomandibular joint problems 

• Dentures have poor esthetics 

• Dentures creating speech problems 

• Severe osseus undercuts exist, until surgical removal and healing occur. 

Highest incidence of maxillary extra canal is seen in which tooth:

 # Highest incidence of maxillary extra canal is seen in which tooth:

A. Maxillary first premolar

B. Maxillary first molar

C. Maxillary second molar

D. Mandibular first premolar

The correct answer is B. Maxillary first molar.

The maxillary first molar usually has three roots with a single canal located in each root except with the mesiobuccal root in which a second canal may be present. With the use of magnification devices, the incidence of this canal is as much as >90%.