Greatest amount of cranial growth occurs by:

 # Greatest amount of cranial growth occurs by:

a) Birth to five years 

b) 5 - 6 years

c) 6 - 7 years 

d) 7 - 10 years

The correct answer is: A. Birth to five years.

The greatest amount of cranial growth occurs from birth to five years of age. During this time, the skull undergoes rapid growth and development to accommodate the growing brain and other structures. This period of growth is known as the rapid growth phase.

After the age of five, the rate of cranial growth slows down, and the skull undergoes more subtle changes as the child ages. While there may be some additional growth from 5-10 years of age, it is not as significant as the growth that occurs during the first five years of life.

 

Growth site of the mandible is in the:

 # Growth site of the mandible is in the:

a) Body 

b) Condylar cartilage

c) Coronoid 

d) Ramus

The correct answer is B. Condylar cartilage.

The growth site of the mandible is in the condylar cartilage. The condylar cartilage is a layer of cartilage at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that allows for growth and movement of the mandible. As a child grows, the cartilage in the condylar process of the mandible expands and is gradually replaced by bone. This process contributes to the growth of the mandible. The other areas of the mandible, such as the body, coronoid, and ramus, are important for muscle attachment and provide support for the teeth, but they do not play a significant role in the growth of the mandible.

Pterygoid point (Ptm) is a cephalometric point representing the radiolucent foramen of:

 # Pterygoid point (Ptm) is a cephalometric point representing the radiolucent foramen of:

A. Magnum

B. Ovale

C. Rotundum

D. Spinosum

The correct answer is C. Rotundum.

Pterygomaxillary Fissure (Ptm): 

• A bilateral teardrop-shaped area of radiolucency 

• The anterior shadow of which is the posterior surfaces of the tuberosities of the maxilla. 

• The PTM point is the intersection of the inferior border of the foramen rotundum with the posterior wall of the pterygomaxillary fissure. 

Orthodontic tooth movement is affected by: PGCEE MDS 2022

 # Orthodontic tooth movement is affected by:

A. Aspirin

B. Tetracycline

C. Metronidazole

D. Fluoride

The correct answer is A. Aspirin.

• Prostaglandin E plays an essential role in the cascade of signals that leads to tooth movement, so the inhibitors of its activity affect tooth movement. Drugs that affect prostaglandin activity fall into two categories: - corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that interfere with prostaglandin synthesis and - other agents that have mixed agonistic and antagonistic effects on various prostaglandins. 

• In the body, prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, which in turn is derived from phospholipids. Corticosteroids reduce prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the formation of arachidonic acid; NSAIDs inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. 

• Most NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, Naprosyn, and many others) are prostaglandin inhibitors. The major exception is acetaminophen (Tylenol), which acts centrally rather than peripherally. 

• This raises the interesting possibility that the medication used by many patients to control pain after orthodontic appointments could interfere with tooth movement. Fortunately, with the low doses and short durations of analgesic therapy in orthodontic patients, this does not occur, but it can become a problem in adults or children being treated for arthritis.

• It has been suggested that acetaminophen (Tylenol) should be a better analgesic for orthodontic patients than aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and similar prostaglandin inhibitors because it acts centrally rather than as a prostaglandin inhibitor. 

Shovel shaped incisor is found in:

 # Shovel shaped incisor is found in:

A. Down’s syndrome

B. Crouzon’s syndrome

C. Pierre Robin syndrome

D. Gardner’s syndrome

The correct answer is B. Crouzon's syndrome. 

Crouzon's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the growth and development of the bones in the skull and face. People with Crouzon's syndrome typically have a distinctive appearance, including bulging eyes, a beaked nose, and a small upper jaw. Shovel-shaped incisors are a common dental anomaly seen in individuals with this syndrome, along with other dental abnormalities.

A 5 year old child presents with chronic bed wetting and bilateral loose first molars. His mother says that he wants to drink water several times during night. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

 # A 5 year old child presents with chronic bed wetting and bilateral loose first molars. His mother says that he wants to drink water several times during night. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Hand Schuller Christian disease

B. Marble bone disease

C. Nieman Pick disease

D. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

The correct answer is A. Hand Schuller Christian disease. 

Based on the given symptoms, the most likely diagnosis is option A, Hand Schuller Christian disease.

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease (HSC) is a rare type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which is characterized by the infiltration and proliferation of Langerhans cells in various tissues of the body. It usually affects children under the age of 5.

The chronic bedwetting and bilateral loose first molars in the child are indicative of bone involvement, which is a common feature of HSC. Additionally, the child's frequent need to drink water during the night may be due to the involvement of the pituitary gland, which can cause diabetes insipidus.

Marble bone disease (option B) and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (option D) are genetic conditions that affect bone development and are not associated with bedwetting or excessive thirst.

Nieman-Pick disease (option C) is a genetic disorder that affects lipid metabolism and is not associated with the symptoms described in the scenario.

The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by : Loksewa Aayog 2079

# The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by :

(A) arbitrary means 

(B) using face-bow 

(C) visual examination 

(D) adjusting the incisal pin 

The correct answer is B. Using face bow.

The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by using a face-bow. A face-bow is a dental instrument that is used to transfer the position of the patient's maxillary arch to the articulator. The face-bow records the position of the maxilla in relation to the patient's hinge axis and transfers it to the articulator. This ensures that the upper model is mounted in the same position in the articulator as it is in the patient's mouth, allowing for accurate and precise restorations.

(A) Arbitrary means, (C) visual examination, and (D) adjusting the incisal pin are not accurate methods for adjusting the position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator.