HIV infection can be transmitted in dentistry by which of the following?

 # HIV infection can be transmitted in dentistry by which of the following? 

a. Inhalation of infected droplets. 

b. Contact with contaminated dental unit water supplies. 

c. Contact with skin. 

d. Use of infected instruments. 

The correct answer is D. Use of infected instruments. 

HIV infection can be transmitted in dentistry by the use of contaminated instruments, such as needles, dental handpieces, and other reusable instruments that are not properly sterilized. While the risk of transmission of HIV in dentistry is low, it is important for dental healthcare personnel to follow standard precautions, including proper sterilization of instruments and use of personal protective equipment, to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious agents. HIV is not transmitted through inhalation of infected droplets, contact with skin, or contact with contaminated dental unit water supplies, although these can be routes of transmission for other infectious agents. 

Treating all patients with the same precautions is the definition of which of the following?

 # Treating all patients with the same precautions is the definition of which of the following? 

a. Routine precautions. 

b. Standard or universal precautions. 

c. Patient-specific precautions. 

d. Procedure-specific precautions. 

The correct answer is B. Standard or universal precautions.

Standard or universal precautions are a set of infection control practices designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from patients to healthcare personnel and vice versa. The concept of standard precautions involves treating all patients as potentially infectious and using the same level of precautions for all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status. Standard precautions include practices such as hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, and safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment and surfaces. The use of standard precautions is important for protecting both healthcare personnel and patients from the spread of infectious diseases. 

Routine precautions: This term is not commonly used in infection control, but it could refer to the general precautions that are routinely taken in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infection. These precautions may include practices such as hand hygiene, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and isolation of patients with infectious diseases.

Patient-specific precautions: This refers to infection control measures that are tailored to the specific needs and risks of individual patients. For example, a patient with a highly contagious respiratory illness may be placed in an airborne infection isolation room, which is a specific type of isolation room that is designed to prevent the spread of infectious agents through the air.

Procedure-specific precautions: This refers to infection control measures that are tailored to specific medical procedures. For example, a surgical procedure may require the use of sterile equipment and surgical attire, and the cleaning and disinfection of the surgical site before and after the procedure. Procedure-specific precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents during the performance of specific procedures.

The classification of infection control depends on the procedure being performed and the risk of which of the following?

 # The classification of infection control depends on the procedure being performed and the risk of which of the following? 

a. Contamination. 

b. Disinfection. 

c. Transmission. 

d. Splatter. 

The correct answer is C. Transmission.

The classification of infection control measures depends on the procedure being performed and the risk of transmission of infectious agents. Infection control measures are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, which can occur through various means, such as contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, exposure to droplets or aerosols generated during procedures, or direct contact with infected patients. The classification of infection control measures takes into account the nature of the procedure being performed, the potential for exposure to infectious agents, and the level of risk associated with the procedure. The classification can range from standard precautions for low-risk procedures to transmission-based precautions for high-risk procedures.

Which of the following defines the processes and precautions that can be taken to control the spread of infection?

# Which of the following defines the processes and precautions that can be taken to control the spread of infection? 

a. Chemical disinfectant. 

b. Aseptic technique. 

c. Infection control. 

d. Surgery cleanliness. 

The correct answer is C. Infection control.

 Infection control refers to the measures and protocols designed to prevent and control the spread of infections in healthcare settings and other settings where people may be at risk of contracting infectious diseases. This can include practices such as hand hygiene, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), isolating patients with infectious diseases, and disinfecting surfaces and equipment. Chemical disinfectants, aseptic technique, and surgery cleanliness are all important components of infection control, but they are specific methods or tools used to achieve the goal of controlling the spread of infection. 

All of the following are examples of fibrous joint EXCEPT:

 # All of the following are examples of fibrous joint EXCEPT:

A. Symphysis

B. Gomphosis

C. Sutures

D. Syndesmosis

The correct answer is A. Symphysis.

Fibrous joints: Consists mainly of collagenous junctions between bones, Eg: Sutures, Gomphosis and syndesmosis

Cartilaginous joints: Synchondrosis (Primary cartilaginous joint) and Symphysis (Secondary cartilaginous joint)

Symphyses: All symphyses are median and almost confined to the axial skeleton.

Negative growth is a characteristic of:

 # Negative growth is a characteristic of:

A. Testis

B. Brain

C. Mandible

D. Thymus

The correct answer is D Thymus.

According to Scammon’s curves for growth, the growth of the neural tissues is nearly complete by 6 or 7 years of age. General body tissues, including muscle, bone, and viscera, show an S-shaped curve, with a definite slowing of the rate of growth during childhood and an acceleration at puberty. Lymphoid

tissues proliferate far beyond the adult amount in late childhood and then undergo involution at the same time that growth of the genital tissues accelerates rapidly. 

(From Scammon RD. The measurement of the body in childhood. In: Harris JA, ed. The Measurement of Man. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1930.)

In sutures, there is proliferation of connective tissue followed by replacement of bone. This is called:

 # In sutures, there is proliferation of connective tissue followed by replacement of bone. This is called:

A. Endochondral bone growth

B. Intramembranous growth

C. Appositional growth

D. Periosteal growth

The correct answer is B. Intramembranous growth.

During the fourth month in utero, there is an ingrowth of blood vascular elements into various points of the chondrocranium (and the other parts of the early cartilaginous skeleton). These areas become centers of ossification, at which cartilage is transformed into bone in the process called endochondral ossification, and islands of bone appear in the sea of surrounding cartilage. The cartilage continues to grow rapidly but is replaced by bone with equal rapidity. The result is that the amount of bone increases

rapidly and the relative (but not the absolute) amount of cartilage decreases. Eventually, the old chondrocranium is represented only by small areas of cartilage interposed between large sections of bone, which assume the characteristic form of the ethmoid, sphenoid, and basioccipital bones. Growth at these cartilaginous connections between the skeletal bones is similar to growth in the limbs.

Not all bones of the adult skeleton were represented in the embryonic cartilaginous model, and it is possible for bone to form by secretion of bone matrix directly within connective tissues, without any intermediate formation of cartilage. Bone formation of this type is called intramembranous ossification. This type of bone formation occurs in the cranial vault and both jaws. 

Ref: Contemporary Orthodontics, William R. Proffit