First evidence of calcification of deciduous incisors is at:

 # First evidence of calcification of deciduous incisors is at:

A. 2 months 

B. Between 1 to 2 months

C. 30 weeks in utero 

D. 11 weeks in utero

The correct answer is D. 11 weeks in utero.

According to "Developmental Dentistry" by J.R. Rooper and A.M. Foreman, the calcification of deciduous incisors begins at around 11 weeks in utero, followed by the development of other teeth in a specific sequence over the subsequent weeks and months of fetal development. 

Maximum development of face takes place in:

 # Maximum development of face takes place in:

A. 1st to 3rd  week of intrauterine life

B. 3rd to 8th week of intrauterine life

C. 9th to 12th week of intrauterine life

D. After 12th  week of intrauterine life

The correct answer is B. 3rd to 8th week of intrauterine life.

The maximum development of the face takes place during the 3rd to 8th week of intrauterine life. This is the critical period for the formation of the facial structures and features such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. During this time, the embryonic tissue undergoes complex interactions and transformations that ultimately give rise to the characteristic appearance of the human face. After the 8th week, further growth and refinement of the facial structures continue, but the basic blueprint has already been established.

Reference: Langman's Medical Embryology by T.W. Sadler

The intercanine width in the mandible is completed by:

 # The intercanine width in the mandible is completed by:

A. 4 to 5 years

B. 7 to 8 years

C. 9 to 10 years

D. 10 to 12 years

The correct answer is C. 9 to 10 years.

The intercanine width in the mandible is typically completed by the time a child is 9 to 10 years old, which is when the mandibular canine teeth have fully erupted and have reached their final position in the arch. This timing can vary slightly between individuals, and it is important to consider other factors such as dental crowding or spacing when evaluating intercanine width.

The reference for this explanation is: Naini FB. Biological basis of orthodontics. John Wiley & Sons; 2015. Chapter 5: Growth and development of the mandible.

The main growth site for mandible is:

 # The main growth site for mandible is:

A. Condyle 

B. Angle

C. Symphysis 

D. Body

The correct answer is A. Condyle.

The mandibular condyle is the main growth site for the mandible. The condyle is a specialized growth center that contributes to both the length and width of the mandible. The condyle grows through endochondral bone formation, which involves the transformation of cartilage into bone tissue. The growth of the condyle is regulated by various factors such as growth hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stimuli.

While the other parts of the mandible also contribute to its overall growth and development, the condyle is the primary growth site for the mandible.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, the condyle.

Reference: Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W. Jr, & Sarver, D. M. (2013). Contemporary Orthodontics. (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 4: Growth of the Face and the Jaws.

Meckel's cartilage is essential for mandibular growth because:

 # Meckel's cartilage is essential for mandibular growth because:

A. It is converted into bone 

B. It is a template for bone deposition

C. It is a skeletal unit

D. It is a secondary cartilage

The correct answer is B. It is a template for bone deposition.

Meckel's cartilage is a temporary cartilage structure that forms the basis of the mandibular skeleton in the early embryo. During development, the cartilage acts as a template for the formation of bone, and the mandible grows around it. Meckel's cartilage eventually undergoes resorption, and the mature mandible is formed through a combination of endochondral and intramembranous ossification.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, that Meckel's cartilage is essential for mandibular growth because it serves as a template for bone deposition.

Reference: Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W. Jr, & Sarver, D. M. (2013). Contemporary Orthodontics. (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 4: Growth of the Face and the Jaws.

The mandibular condyle grows by:

 # The mandibular condyle grows by:

A. Endochondral bone formation

B. Subperiosteal surface addition

C. Interstitial growth

D. Sutural bone growth

The correct answer is A. Endochondral bone formation.

The mandibular condyle is a part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and it is a specialized growth center. The growth of the mandibular condyle occurs through endochondral bone formation, which involves the transformation of cartilage into bone tissue. This process is regulated by various factors such as growth hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stimuli. The endochondral bone formation process is essential for the development and growth of many bones in the body, including the long bones of the limbs and the mandible.

Reference: Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W. Jr, & Sarver, D. M. (2013). Contemporary Orthodontics. (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 4: Growth of the Face and the Jaws.

Center of resistance of maxilla is at:

 # Center of resistance of maxilla is at:

A. Point A

B. Palatal suture

C. Above the roots of premolar

D. Maxillary tuberosity

The correct answer is C. Above the roots of  premolar.

In theory, the movement of the maxilla can be controlled in the same way as a single tooth is controlled: by managing forces and moments relative to the center of resistance of the jaw. In practice, it is difficult to analyze exactly where the center of resistance and center of rotation of the maxilla might be, but they are above the teeth and most likely above the premolar teeth. Directing the line of force closer to the center of resistance is another major reason for including an upward direction of pull for most children who have headgear force to the maxilla.

Reference: Contemporary Orthodontics, Proffit