Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

 # A patient with history of ankle edema, shortness of breath and orthopnea, is probably suffering from: A. Asthma B. Emphysema C. Cardiac decompensation D. Constrictive pericarditis The correct answer is C. Cardiac decompensation.  Ankle edema is a common sign of fluid accumulation in the body, which can occur in a variety of conditions. Shortness of breath and orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying down, can be indicative of heart failure or other cardiac issues. Asthma and emphysema are respiratory conditions that can also cause shortness of breath, but they do not typically present with ankle edema or orthopnea. Constrictive pericarditis is a rare condition characterized by inflammation and thickening of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can cause heart failure-like symptoms, but it is less common than cardiac decompensation. Reference: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medici...

 # Not true about Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A. Organ specific immune disorder B. Serum thyroid microsomal antibodies C. Male predominance D. Treatment is thyroxine The correct answer is C. Male predominance. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, resulting in inflammation and damage to the gland. It is characterized by the presence of serum thyroid microsomal antibodies, also known as thyroid peroxidase antibodies. It is an organ-specific immune disorder, meaning that it is specific to the thyroid gland. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is actually more common in females than in males, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 10:1. The treatment for Hashimoto's thyroiditis is thyroxine replacement therapy, which can help to restore normal thyroid hormone levels and prevent the development of hypothyroidism. Reference: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Ed...

 # Pulmonary surfactant is: A. Lecithin B. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline C. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl serine D. Sphingosine The correct answer is B. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline.  Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that is produced in the lungs and helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli during breathing. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) is the most abundant lipid in pulmonary surfactant and is the primary component responsible for its surface tension-lowering properties. Reference: Hall, J. E. (2016). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (13th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Chapter 44, Pulmonary Ventilation.

Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of irregularities in the teeth and jaws. The main aim of orthodontics is to improve the appearance and functionality of the teeth, as well as the overall health of the patient. The history of orthodontics can be traced back to ancient times. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used various methods to straighten their teeth, such as gold wires and crude braces made of animal teeth. However, it wasn't until the 18th century that the first orthodontic textbooks were written and the field began to take shape. One of the most significant figures in the history of orthodontics was Edward Angle, who is often referred to as the "father of modern orthodontics." He developed the first classification system for malocclusions, or irregularities in the teeth and jaws, and introduced the use of braces and wires to correct them. Since then, orthodontics has continued to evolve, with adv...

 Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of irregularities in the teeth and jaws. The main aim of orthodontics is to improve the appearance and functionality of the teeth, as well as the overall health of the patient. The history of orthodontics can be traced back to ancient times. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used various methods to straighten their teeth, such as gold wires and crude braces made of animal teeth. However, it wasn't until the 18th century that the first orthodontic textbooks were written and the field began to take shape. One of the most significant figures in the history of orthodontics was Edward Angle, who is often referred to as the "father of modern orthodontics." He developed the first classification system for malocclusions, or irregularities in the teeth and jaws, and introduced the use of braces and wires to correct them. Since then, orthodontics has continued to evolve, with ad...

Swallowing, or deglutition, is a complex process that involves several stages to move food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach. There are four stages of deglutition: the preparatory phase, the oral phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase. The first stage of deglutition is the preparatory phase. This phase occurs before the food or liquid enters the mouth and involves a sensory assessment of the food or beverage. We use our senses of taste, smell, and touch to determine the texture, temperature, and consistency of the food or liquid. The muscles of the lips, cheeks, and tongue work together to position the food or liquid in the mouth for the oral phase. The tongue forms a bolus, or a compact ball of food, by pressing the food or beverage against the hard palate, making it easier to swallow. The second stage of deglutition is the oral phase. This phase begins when the food or liquid enters the mouth. The tongue and cheek muscles work together to move the bolus toward th...

 Medicaid and Medicare are two distinct healthcare programs in the United States that provide assistance to eligible individuals. Medicaid is a needs-based program primarily designed to provide healthcare coverage for low-income families, while Medicare is an entitlement program that provides healthcare coverage to individuals aged 65 or older, as well as individuals with certain disabilities. One of the key differences between Medicaid and Medicare is the source of funding. Medicaid is jointly funded by the federal government and individual states, while Medicare is funded entirely by the federal government. The federal government sets minimum standards for Medicaid coverage, but individual states have the flexibility to set their own eligibility criteria, benefits, and reimbursement rates. Medicare, on the other hand, has a uniform set of benefits and eligibility criteria that are determined by the federal government. Another significant difference between Medicaid and Medicare i...