For best result in class III malocclusion correction the orthopedic appliance should be worn at least:

 # For best result in class III malocclusion correction the orthopedic appliance should be worn at least:

A. 12-16 hours per day

B. 8-10 hours per day

C. 5-8 hours per day

D. Throughout night

The correct answer is A. 12-16 hours per day.

Chin cup and  face mask are the orthopedic appliances that can be given to correct skeletal class III malocclusion. At least 12 to 14 hours of wear per day produces desired results.

An ANB angle of 2 degrees on the cephalogram usually indicates:

 # An ANB angle of 2 degrees on the cephalogram usually indicates:

A. An unfavorable relationship of mandible to maxilla

B. A favorable relationship of maxillary alveolar base to mandibular alveolar base

C. Poor cranial growth with poor prognosis

D. Retruded maxillary incisor

The correct answer is B. A favorable relationship of maxillary alveolar base to mandibular alveolar base.

SNA angle relates the maxilla to the cranial base. The mean value is 82°. A larger value indicates a prognathic maxilla while a smaller value suggests a retrognathic maxilla. SNB angle relates the mandible to the cranial base. Its average value is 80°. Larger values indicate a prognathic mandible while smaller values indicate a retrusive mandible. ANB angle denotes the relative position of the maxilla and mandible to each other. The mean value is 2°. An increase in this angle indicates class-II skeletal tendency while an angle that is less than normal or a negative angle suggests a skeletal class-III relationship. 

Which condition is associated with mulberry molars in children?

 # Which condition is associated with mulberry molars in children?

A. Autism

B. Down’s syndrome

C. Syphilis

D. Diabetes mellitus

The correct answer is C. Syphilis.

Mulberry molars are a dental condition typically linked with congenital syphilis, characterized by multiple rounded rudimentary enamel cusps on the permanent first molars. Mulberry molars are actually defective permanent molars. 

In a hand wrist radiograph, which of the following carpal bones appears first?

 # In a hand wrist radiograph, which of the following carpal bones appears first?

A. Hamate

B. Triquetral

C. Lunate

D. Naviculare

The correct answer is A. Hamate. 

Sequence of Appearance of 8 Carpal bones: Capitate < Hamate < Triquetral < Lunate < Trapezium, Trapezoid, Scaphoid (Three of them appear together) < Pisiform 

Difference of width of four maxillary permanent incisors and primary incisors is about:

 # Difference of width of four maxillary permanent incisors and primary incisors is about:

A. 7 mm

B. 6 mm

C. 6.5 mm

D. 8.5 mm

The correct answer is A. 7 mm. 

Permanent incisors develop lingual to the primary incisors. For incisors to erupt in normal alignment, there is an obligate space requirement in the anterior part of both the arches which is termed as incisor liability or difference between the amount of space needed for the permanent incisors and the amount available for them is called the incisor liability. The total sum of the mesiodistal width of four permanent incisors is larger than that of primary incisors by 7.6 mm in maxilla and 6 mm in mandible. 

Excessive Soft Drink Consumption

Determining the exact threshold for what constitutes excessive or harmful soft drink consumption can be challenging, as it depends on various factors such as an individual's overall diet, lifestyle, and health status. However, health experts generally recommend limiting the intake of sugary beverages, including soft drinks, due to their negative impact on health. Here are some data on national average soft drink consumption in a few countries for comparison:

United States: According to data from the Beverage Marketing Corporation, the average American consumed approximately 38.87 gallons (about 147 liters) of carbonated soft drinks per year in 2019. This translates to roughly 1 to 2 servings per day, depending on portion size.

Mexico: Mexico has one of the highest average soft drink consumption rates globally. According to a report by Euromonitor International, Mexicans consumed an average of 121.2 liters of carbonated soft drinks per person in 2019, equivalent to over 2 servings per day.

Australia: The Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that the average Australian consumed around 85 liters of carbonated soft drinks per year in 2017-2018, indicating a daily average of approximately 232 ml or less than one serving per day.

United Kingdom: In the UK, the average soft drink consumption varies. According to data from the British Soft Drinks Association, the average per capita soft drink consumption was approximately 87 liters in 2019, equivalent to less than one serving per day.

It is important to note that these figures represent average consumption rates and may vary among individuals within each country. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting added sugar intake to less than 10% of total daily calorie intake, and further reducing it to below 5% for additional health benefits. This includes sugar from all sources, including soft drinks. Based on these guidelines, regular or excessive consumption of soft drinks, particularly those high in added sugars, can be harmful to health.

It is advisable for individuals to prioritize healthier beverage choices such as water, unsweetened tea, and natural juices, and to consume soft drinks in moderation or consider alternatives with lower sugar content. Consulting with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian can provide personalized guidance on optimal beverage consumption based on individual health needs and goals.

Harmful Effects of Soft Drinks on Health: Short-Term and Long-Term Consequences

 Harmful Effects of Soft Drinks on Health: Short-Term and Long-Term Consequences

Introduction:

Soft drinks have become a ubiquitous part of modern lifestyles, with their consumption on the rise worldwide. These sugary beverages are enjoyed for their taste, convenience, and marketing appeal. However, the excessive consumption of soft drinks has been linked to a range of detrimental health effects. This essay aims to delve into the harmful consequences of soft drink consumption on overall health, examining both the short-term and long-term impacts.

Short-Term Effects:

a) Weight Gain and Obesity: Soft drinks are laden with added sugars and calories, contributing significantly to weight gain. The consumption of sugary beverages provides excess energy without offering substantial nutritional value, leading to an increased risk of obesity. Rapid weight gain in the short term can have detrimental effects on metabolic health and increase the likelihood of developing chronic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

b) Blood Sugar Spikes and Energy Slumps: Soft drinks, particularly those with high sugar content, cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. This can lead to a surge of energy, followed by a sudden crash, leaving individuals feeling fatigued and lethargic. The rollercoaster effect on blood sugar levels not only affects energy levels but also impacts cognitive function and overall productivity.

c) Dental Erosion and Cavities: Soft drinks contain high levels of acids, such as phosphoric acid and citric acid, which erode tooth enamel. Regular consumption of these acidic beverages can result in dental erosion, weakening the teeth and increasing the risk of cavities. The combination of acids and sugars creates an optimal environment for the growth of oral bacteria, further exacerbating dental problems.

Long-Term Effects:

a) Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases: Consistent consumption of soft drinks over time significantly raises the risk of developing chronic diseases. The high sugar content in soft drinks contributes to the development of insulin resistance, potentially leading to type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the excessive calorie intake from soft drinks can contribute to weight gain, obesity, and subsequent health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, and metabolic disorders.

b) Weakened Bone Health: Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid, which, when consumed in excess, can negatively impact bone health. High intake of phosphoric acid is associated with reduced calcium absorption, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and weakened bone density. Prolonged consumption of soft drinks, especially during critical growth stages, can compromise bone health and increase the likelihood of fractures and skeletal abnormalities.

c) Nutritional Deficiencies: Soft drinks often displace healthier alternatives like water, milk, and natural juices, leading to nutritional deficiencies. The empty calories provided by soft drinks contribute little to no nutritional value, depriving the body of essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Over time, this can result in poor overall nutrition, compromised immune function, and an increased susceptibility to various illnesses.

Conclusion:

Soft drinks, with their high sugar content and detrimental additives, pose significant risks to health both in the short term and the long term. Regular consumption of these beverages can lead to weight gain, obesity, blood sugar imbalances, dental erosion, and increased risks of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular ailments. Furthermore, long-term consumption can negatively impact bone health and cause nutritional deficiencies. Promoting awareness of the harmful effects of soft drinks is crucial in encouraging individuals to make informed choices about their beverage consumption and prioritize their long-term health and well-being.