Root shape before and after orthodontic treatment with radiographic evidence was first given by:

 # Root shape before and after orthodontic treatment with radiographic evidence was first given by:

A. Kaley and Phillip

B. Newman and Proffit

C. Ketcham AH

D. Malmgren and Lavendar

The correct answer is C. Ketcham AH.

Albert H. Ketcham was born on August 3, 1870, and grew up in Whiting, Vermont. He graduated from the Boston Dental School in 1892, then moved to Colorado due to ill health. Inspired by the challenges

of the young profession of orthodontics, he chose to enter the Angle School of Orthodontia in 1902. As a deep thinker with an inquiring mind, Ketcham explored many of the philosophical and mechanical

problems, as well as the controversies of the profession of his day. He was one of the first to investigate root resorption, which continues to be a challenge today. He began to question some of Angle’s arbitrary pronouncements, causing Angle to attack him vehemently as a deviationist. He was smart enough to travel his own way from that time on. He worked hard to improve the American Society of Orthodontists (ASO) and served as their president in 1929. He was also instrumental in founding the American Board of Orthodontists (ABO), serving as its first president. In recognizing his lifetime of service, the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial is made to the individual member annually in recognition

of contributions made to the art and science of orthodontics. This award was meant to perpetuate and inspire the member as a leader in orthodontics following the example set by Dr. Ketcham. 

He pioneered dental radiography and was the first US orthodontist to install an x-ray laboratory. He delivered the first paper on x-rays in orthodontics to the American Society of Orthodontists in 1910. In 1926 he presented the first comprehensive data on root resorption.46 Although the earliest mention of root resorption in permanent teeth goes back to 1856, it was a report by Ketcham in 1927 (followed by a second in 1929) that finally aroused the concern of orthodontists.

Reference: ORTHODONTICS Current Principles and Techniques, Lee W. Graber, 7th Edition.

Non caseating granuloma with bilateral Hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of:

 # Non caseating granuloma with bilateral Hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of:

A. Histoplasmosis

B. Sarcoidosis

C. Silicosis

D. Tannosis

The correct answer is B. Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is described as a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of uniform, discrete, compact, non-caseating epithelioid granulomas. It is more common in blacks than in whites. Though many investigators have regarded this disease, of unknown etiology, both infective and noninfective agents have been implicated. Currently the infectious etiology is more favored with focus on Mycobacterium and Propionibacterium. It is interesting to note that there was a belief that sarcoidosis is in some way related to tuberculosis. The factors which stood against were inability to culture the bacteria from the pathological tissues and difficulty in identifying them in stained sections.

Reference: Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology 7th Edition.

Resistance of mini screw to dislodgement comes from contact with:

 # Resistance of mini screw to dislodgement comes from contact with:

A. Soft tissue

B. Teeth

C. Medullary bone

D. Cortical bone

The correct answer is D. Cortical bone.

The quality and quantity of the alveolar bone are considered important influential factors affecting the success rate of orthodontic mini-implants. The cortical bone thickness is considered a decisive factor in the overall success/failure of the mini-implant. It has been shown that an increase in the cortical bone thickness in the alveolar bone of maxilla and mandible significantly increases the primary stability of the mini-implant. A recent meta-analysis showed positive association between mini-implant stability and amount of cortical bone. 

Reference: Temporary Anchorage Devices in Orthodontics, SECOND EDITION, Ravindra Nanda, BDS, MDS, PhD

Understanding Gingival Stippling: What It Is and What It Signifies

Introduction

Gingival stippling is a term commonly used in dentistry to describe the texture or appearance of the gums. These stippled gums can tell dental professionals a lot about a person's oral health. While it might not be a topic of everyday conversation, understanding gingival stippling is crucial for both dental practitioners and patients. In this article, we will explore what gingival stippling is, its significance, and how it relates to oral health.

What is Gingival Stippling?

Gingival stippling refers to the small, dimpled, or pebbled texture that is often seen on the surface of healthy gums. This stippled appearance is caused by the presence of tiny, raised dots or projections on the gingival tissue, creating a finely textured, orange-peel-like appearance. Gingival stippling is most commonly found on the gums that surround the teeth in the upper and lower arches of the mouth.

Significance of Gingival Stippling:

Indication of Gingival Health:

Gingival stippling is primarily a sign of healthy gum tissue. When gums are stippled, it generally indicates that the underlying gingival tissue is firm, well-attached to the teeth, and free from inflammation or disease. Healthy gums play a crucial role in supporting the teeth and protecting them from harmful bacteria.

Assessment of Periodontal Health:

Dentists and dental hygienists use gingival stippling as one of the indicators to assess a patient's periodontal (gum) health. The absence of stippling, or a smooth, shiny appearance of the gums, may suggest an underlying issue like gum disease (periodontitis) or other oral health concerns.

Measurement of Gingival Recession:

Gingival stippling also helps in measuring gingival recession, which is when the gums start to pull away from the teeth. By comparing the stippled and non-stippled areas of the gums, dental professionals can determine the extent of gum recession, which is crucial for diagnosing and treating various oral conditions.

Aesthetic Considerations:

While the primary focus of gingival stippling is on gum health, it also has aesthetic implications. Well-stippled gums can contribute to an attractive smile by providing a uniform and textured appearance. Many people with naturally stippled gums are often perceived to have healthier-looking smiles.

Clinical Considerations:

In restorative and cosmetic dentistry, gingival stippling can influence treatment planning and the outcome of procedures like dental crowns, veneers, and dental implants. Dentists may need to replicate the stippled texture to create a natural-looking and harmonious smile.

Causes of Gingival Stippling:

Gingival stippling is primarily due to the arrangement and orientation of the connective tissue fibers beneath the gum tissue. These fibers create the characteristic raised dots on the gum surface. The presence of stippling can also be influenced by factors such as genetics, age, and overall gum health.

Conclusion:

Gingival stippling is a subtle but significant aspect of oral health and aesthetics. Understanding what it is and its significance can help individuals and dental professionals identify and address potential oral health issues in a timely manner. Regular dental check-ups and proper oral hygiene practices are key to maintaining gingival stippling and overall gum health. If you notice changes in the appearance of your gums, it's advisable to consult with a dentist to ensure the health and vitality of your oral tissues.

References:

1. Newman, M. G., Takei, H. H., & Klokkevold, P. R. (2015). Carranza's Clinical Periodontology (12th ed.). Elsevier.

2. Darby, M. L., & Walsh, M. M. (2014). Dental Hygiene Theory and Practice (4th ed.). Saunders.

3. Lang, N. P., & Bartold, P. M. (2018). Periodontal health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 45(Suppl 20), S9-S16. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12938.

The movement of bone in response to its own growth is termed as:

 # The movement of bone in response to its own growth is termed as:

A. Rotation

B. Primary displacement

C. Secondary displacement

D. Differentiation

The correct answer is B. Primary displacement.

Displacement is described as the change in position of an object following the application of force. In this chapter, the term will be used for body tissues (namely, bone), and force is the growth of body tissues. The displacement of bones occurs with growth in two ways:

1. Primary displacement of a bone occurs due to its growth, which causes it to move from its original position. For example displacement of the chin anteriorly due to the increasing mandibular length.

2. Secondary displacement (also called translatory growth) is an illustration of growth at a location subsequent to actual growth occurring in a distant part of the skeletal system. The structure in question is displaced from its position due to- the growth of adjacent structures. For example, growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis leads to anterior displacement of the front maxillary complex.

Reference: OP Kharbanda

Next to third molars, the most frequently impacted teeth are the:

 # Next to third molars, the most frequently impacted teeth are the: 

a) second molars 

b) upper canines 

c) lower canines 

d) upper incisors

The correct answer is B. Upper canines. 

The most commonly impacted teeth are third molars, followed by the maxillary canines and mandibular second molars. 

Reference: Graber 7th Edition

Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) is used primarily in:

 # Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) is used primarily in: 

a) young children 

b) the mixed dentition 

c) older adolescents and adults 

d) adults who cannot tolerate other devices

The correct answer is C. Older adolescents and adults.

In late adolescents and adults, more force is required to open the midpalatal suture due to its increased interdigitation. Treatment with a conventional RPE (Rapid Palatal Expansion) could lead to unwanted dental side effects. Therefore, from the age of 16 onwards, surgically-assisted RPE (SARPE) is commonly applied to overcome these limitations by surgically releasing the interdigitated suture prior to maxillary expansion with an RPE (Rapid Palatal Expansion) device, such as a hyrax or a Trans-Palatal Distractor (TPD). However, the inherent risks of a surgical operation, together with the cost, the hospitalization, and attendant morbidity may pose a constraint for patients to undergo this procedure.

The ensuing quest for a non-surgical treatment for maxillary transverse deficiency in patients who would normally apply for a SARPE stimulated the development of Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) by Lee et al. in South Korea and by Moon et al. in the USA. MARPE is either a tooth-bone-borne or a solely bone-borne RPE device with a rigid element that connects to mini-screws inserted into the palate, delivering the expansion force directly to the basal bone of the maxilla. It was designed to maximize skeletal effects and to minimize dentoalveolar effects of expansion, based on the findings of previous histological studies revealing that the mid-palatal suture does not fully ossify in humans even at an elderly age, possibly due to the constant mechanical stress that it undergoes. MARPE has received widespread attention in recent years and several researchers have studied the efficacy of MARPE. However, to our knowledge, a systematic review on this topic has not yet been published.

Reference: Kapetanović A, Theodorou CI, Bergé SJ, Schols JGJH, Xi T. Efficacy of Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) in late adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43(3):313-323. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjab005