SEARCH:

The common organism implicated in dry socket is:

 # The common organism implicated in dry socket is:
A. Streptococcus
B. Staphylococcus
C. Treponema denticola
D. Pneumococcus



The correct answer is C. Treponema denticola.

A number of bacteria are known to possess fibrinolytic activity. It has been recently postulated
that Treponema denticola may have an etiological role in the genesis of dry socket.


Irregular opaque areas are found on radiographs of lower anterior teeth, the teeth are vital. The cause may be:

 # Irregular opaque areas are found on radiographs of lower anterior teeth, the teeth are vital. The cause may be: 
A. Subgingival calculus 
B. Cementoma
C. Condensing osteitis 
D Chronic apical periodontitis 


The correct answer is A. Subgingival calculus.

Calculus may be seen as small angular radiopaque deposits projecting between interproximal surfaces of the teeth or as radiopaque bands across the roots representing circumferential accumulation as illustrated in the figure.


Ref: White, S.C. and Pharoah, M.J., 2014. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and interpretation. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Head diameter of a 245 bur is:

 # Head diameter of a 245 bur is:
A. 0.1 mm
B. 0.5 mm
C. 0.8 mm
D. 0.9 mm


The correct answer is C. 0.8 mm.

No. 245 bur has a head length of 3 mm and head diameter of 0.8 mm. This is an inverted cone carbide bur used for amalgam cavity preparations. 

Benefits of the bur: 
• For amalgam cavity preparations, the initial punch cut should have a depth of 1.5 mm, so it is half of this bur length, so it is very convenient to use the bur. 
• In class II the proximal ditch cut is established easily with the 0.8 mm diameter bur end cuts 0.5 mm into dentin and 0.3 mm into enamel. 

During countercurrent mechanisms, which of the following area of nephron does filtrate become hypertonic to plasma?

 # During countercurrent mechanisms, which of the following area of nephron does filtrate become hypertonic to plasma?
A. Bowman’s capsule
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule


The correct answer is C. Loop of Henle.

A circuit of fluid in the loop of Henle—an important part of the kidneys—allows for gradual buildup of the concentration of urine in the kidneys, by using active transport on the exiting nephrons (tubules carrying liquid in the process of gradually concentrating the urea). The active transport pumps need only to overcome a constant and low gradient of concentration, because of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

Piggyback technique in Orthodontics

 Sectional NiTi wires can also be used to align a malpositioned tooth in a piggyback manner where rest of the arch is ligated with a stiff wire. With this arrangement, a light continuous force is exerted to bring the displaced tooth into the alignment while reciprocal force is distributed over the anchor teeth. 

Case done by: Dr. Sushant Pandey, CODS BPKIHS




Piggyback wires offer the potential to combine wires of similar or, more commonly, markedly different physical properties. In relation to space redistribution and alignment, piggybacks typically involve use of flexible round NiTi wires in combination with more rigid base arch wires permitting alignment of displaced teeth limiting the effect of reactive forces in terms of horizontal and vertical anchorage. 


Reference: 
1. Kharbanda, Om. (2013). Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities 2nd ed.. 
2. Fleming, P., Seehra, J., 2019. Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. BDJ Clinician’s Guides.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12165-5

Creating the Perfect Smile: The Art and Science of Dental Clinic Interior Design

 The atmosphere within a dental clinic plays a pivotal role in shaping patients' perceptions and experiences. Dental professionals recognize the importance of creating a welcoming and comfortable environment that goes beyond the clinical aspect of oral care. The interior design of a dental clinic is an art and science that seamlessly combines aesthetics, functionality, and the unique needs of the dental practice. Let's delve into the key considerations that make dental clinic interior designing an essential aspect of the overall patient experience.

1. Balancing Functionality and Aesthetics:
Dental clinics require a careful balance between functionality and aesthetics. The layout should be designed to optimize workflow for dental practitioners while providing a warm and inviting atmosphere for patients. Well-designed reception areas, consultation rooms, and treatment spaces contribute to a positive overall experience.




2. Patient Comfort and Relaxation:
Dental anxiety is a common concern among patients. Interior designers focus on creating spaces that alleviate stress and promote relaxation. Comfortable seating, soothing color schemes, and ambient lighting all contribute to an environment that helps patients feel at ease.

3. Ergonomics for Dental Professionals:
The efficiency of dental practitioners is directly influenced by the ergonomics of the workspace. Interior designers collaborate with dental professionals to ensure that treatment rooms are designed to support optimal working conditions. This includes considerations for equipment placement, lighting, and accessibility.




4. Technology Integration:
Modern dental practices rely on advanced technologies for diagnosis and treatment. The interior design should seamlessly integrate these technologies into the clinic's aesthetic. Concealed wiring, strategically placed outlets, and designated spaces for digital displays contribute to a streamlined and contemporary look.

5. Infection Control and Hygiene:
Maintaining a sterile and hygienic environment is paramount in dental clinics. Interior designers work closely with dental professionals to select materials that are easy to clean and resistant to bacteria. Design choices should facilitate efficient infection control practices without compromising on visual appeal.




6. Branding and Identity:
The interior design of a dental clinic serves as a visual representation of the clinic's brand and identity. Consistent color schemes, logo placement, and branded elements create a cohesive and recognizable image that reinforces the clinic's professionalism.

7. Accessibility and Inclusivity:
Dental clinic interiors should be designed with accessibility and inclusivity in mind. This involves considerations for individuals with mobility challenges and the implementation of universal design principles to ensure that everyone, regardless of physical abilities, can access and navigate the space comfortably.




In conclusion, dental clinic interior designing is a multidimensional endeavor that goes beyond choosing colors and furniture. It involves a thoughtful integration of functionality, patient experience, and the unique needs of the dental practice. A well-designed dental clinic not only fosters a positive environment for patients but also enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of dental professionals. As the field of dentistry evolves, so too does the art and science of dental clinic interior design, creating spaces that truly reflect the commitment to oral health and patient well-being.



MCQs in Operative Dentistry - Dental Cements

 
# The preferred agent for base formation below restorative resin is:
A. Calcium hydroxide
B. Cavity varnish
C. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement
D. None of the above

# Dentin protection during cavity restoration is most important when the "remaining dentin thickness" is:
A. 1 - 2mm
B. 1.5 mm
C. 0.5 - 1mm
D. 0.5 mm

# Cavity varnish is indicated under amalgam restorations to:
A. Prevent galvanic currents from reaching the pulp
B. Improve the marginal seal of the restorations
C. Seal the dentinal tubules completely
D. Act as an effective thermal insulator




# Calcium hydroxide is preferred to ZOE fillings below a composite resin restoration as:
A. Calcium hydroxide forms a calcific bridge
B. Eugenol irritates the inflamed pulp
C. Eugenol interferes with the setting of composite resins
D. None of the above

# When using the acid etch technique to restore a Class IV fracture, exposed dentin should first be covered with:
A. Cavity varnish
B. Phosphoric acid
C. A calcium hydroxide liner
D. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement

# Which of the following bases are contra indicated under a composite resin restoration?
A. Calcium hydroxide
B. Eugenol base
C. Zinc phosphate cement
D. None of the above

# Cements in dentistry can be used as:
A. Liners
B. Bases
C. RC fillers
D. All of the above

# Cavity varnish is used for:
A. To reduce thermal conductivity
B. To reduce the permeability of acid into dentinal tubules
C. Action as an obtundant
D. All of the above

# Amount of gap required for cement in restoration is:
A. 10-25 microns
B. 2 microns
C. 50-100 microns
D. No gap required

# Copal varnish is:
A. ZnO resin
B. Ca(OH)2
C. ZnO glycerin
D. All of the above

# Amalgam often tends to discolor the teeth. This can be inhibited by using:
A. A zinc free alloy
B. An alloy containing zinc
C. Calcium hydroxide on the pulpal floor
D. Cavity varnish on all cut surfaces

# Fluoride rich materials include:
A. Silicate cement
B. Glass ionomer cement
C. Polycarboxylate cement
D. All of the above

# Glass ionomer cements are composed of:
A. Alumino silicate powder and phosphoric acid
B. Alumino silicate powder and polyacrylate liquid
C. Zinc oxide powder and phosphoric acid
D. Zinc oxide powder and polyacrylate liquid

# Which one of the following dental cement accelerates the formation of reparative dentin?
A. Eugenol
B. Calcium hydroxide
C. Zinc oxide
D. Silica

# Minimum thickness for type-I zinc phosphate cement should be:
A. 15 microns
B. 25 microns
C. 50 microns
D. 100 microns

# Increased amount of powder in zinc phosphate cement mixture will cause:
A. Decreased strength
B. Decreased film thickness
C. Decreased solubility
D. Increased setting time

# Which of the following is common to both zinc eugenol cement and polycarboxylate cement?
A. Polyacrylic acid is liquid
B. Chemical bond to tooth structure
C. Chelation
D. Substitution of eugenol by EBA to increase strength of cement

# The addition of which of the following can accelerate the setting time of zinc oxide cement:
A. Zinc acetate
B. Barium sulphate
C. Zinc sulphate
D. Barium chloride

# Which of the following show chemical bond with enamel:
A. Composites
B. Direct filling resins
C. Polycarboxylate cements
D. BIS-GMA resins in pit and fissure sealants

# Which of the following cements is pulpal tissues?
A. Zinc phosphate
B. Silicate
C. Glass ionomer
D. Polycarboxylate

# Which of the following do polycarboxylate and GIC have in common?
A. Polysiloxane
B. Phosphoric acid
C. Polyacrylic acid
D. Ion leachable glass

# pH of polycarboxylate liquid is:
A. 5
B. 7
C. 8
D. 1.7

# Which is the cement with adhesive properties?
A. Zinc oxide eugenol
B. Zinc polycarboxylate
C. Silicate
D. Zinc phosphate

# Eugenol may be replaced in the zinc oxide eugenol cement by:
A. Acetic acid
B. Alginic acid
C. Phosphoric acid
D. Ortho-ethoxy acid

# The setting time of zinc phosphate may be retarded by:
A. Increase in the ratio of powder to liquid
B. Diluting the liquid with water
C. Increase the addition of powder to liquid
D. Decrease the addition of powder to liquid

# Thermal conductivity of which material is close to dentin:
A. Amalgam
B. Silicate
C. Composite resin
D. Cavity varnish

# The logical explanation for the unique anticariogenic property of most silicate cements is:
A. The reduction in enamel solubility due to fluoride uptake by enamel
B. That beryllium flux is used in silicates
C. That silicates show very little leakage at the margins of the restoration
D. Due to the high silica content

# Pulpal medication and thermal protection is given by:
A. Solution liners (2-5μm)
B. Suspension liners (25-30μm)
C. Traditional Liner (0.2-0.3 mm)
D. Cement bases

# Glass ionomer cement is composed of:
A. Zinc oxide powder and polycarboxylic liquid
B. Zinc oxide powder and phosphoric acid
C. Aluminia silicate powder and polcarboxylic liquid
D. Aluminia silicate powder and phosphoric acid

# Which of the following cements is most biocompatible with pulp?
A. GIC
B. Copper cement
C. Zinc phosphate cement
D. Zinc oxide eugenol cement

# The major component of zinc phosphate cement is:
A. Zinc oxide
B. Phosphoric acid
C. Zinc
D. None of the above

# Which of the following cements is most kind to pulp?
A. Glass ionomer
B. Polycarboxylate
C. Silicate
D. Resin cement

# Polycarboxylate cement is used for:
A. Temporary restoration
B. Luting
C. Permanent restoration
D. Die material

# Silicate cement is indicated in:
A. Mouth breathers
B. Patients with high caries index
C. In the restoration of posterior tooth
D. None of the above

# Stages of setting of GIC are:
A. Decomposition, migration, post set hardening, maturation.
B. Migration, decomposition, maturation, post set hardening
C. Decomposition, post set hardening, migration, maturation
D. Decomposition, post set hardening, migration, maturation

# The cement, which is least soluble in oral cavity:
A. Glass ionomer
B. Resin cement
C. Polycarboxylate cement
D. Silico - phosphate cement

# Which of the following restorative material is recommended for root surface caries?
A. GIC
B. Composites
C. Direct filling gold
D. Amalgam

# If hypersensitivity develops in a glass ionomer filled tooth, indicated treatment:
A. Extraction
B. Remove the restoration and place a sedative dressing
C. Remove the restoration perform pulpectomy
D. No treatment is necessary

# The role of itaconic acid copolymer in glass ionomer cement:
A. Reduces the viscosity of the liquid and inhibits gelation
B. Increases the viscosity of the liquid and accelerates gelation
C. Increases cohesion
D. To provide radiolucency

# The advantage of glass ionomer cement reinforced with metal particles is:
A. Decreased strength but biocompatibility
B. Increased resistance to abrasion
C. Better colour
D. Ease of manipulation

# Which is the material of choice to be given in class V cavities?
A. Silicate cement
B. Polycarboxylate cement
C. Glass ionomer cement
D. Unfilled resin

# Initial best sealing of margins is done best by:
A. GIC
B. Acid etched composite
C. Amalgam
D. Polycarboxylate

# Sandwich technique consists of:
A. GIC and composite
B. Amalgam and GIC
C. Amalgam and composite
D. None of the above

# Resin modified glass ionomer is designed to:
A. Provide rapid setting to minimize cement acidity allowing early finishing
B. Reduce the rate of fluoride release
C. Reduce the cost of the product
D. Change the translucency of the products

# After 24 hrs. of setting tensile stength of GIC is:
A. Equal to ZnPO4
B. Greater to ZnPO4
C. Lesser to ZnPO4
D. None of the above

# Bond found in GIC is:
A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond

# Calcium Hydroxide is used in deep cavities in order to:
A. Form dentin bridge
B. To kill microorganism
C. To cause necrosis
D. As a base under restoration

# Deep caries ( less than 2 mm of dentine remaining) management with resin composite restoration would include:
A. Calcium hydroxide
B. Glass-ionomer cement
C. Dentine bonding agent
D. All of the above

# Vitremer is:
A. Resin modified GIC
B. Metal modified GIC
C. Organically modified composite
D. Polyacid modified composite

# High Viscosity GIC was discovered in:
A. 1970
B. 1980
C. 1990
D. 2000

# Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) technique utilises:
A. Glass ionomer cement
B. Composite resin
C. Silver amalgam
D. Reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement