Which factor requires careful consideration, when taking measurements from an image?

 # Which factor requires careful consideration, when taking measurements from an image? 

A. Definition 

B. Magnification 

C. Reconstruction 

D. Superimposition

The correct answer is B. Magnification.

The magnification factor of any image must be carefully considered when taking measurements. Image definition is significant to the overall diagnosis; however, the magnification factor is of special concern when calculating bone dimensions.  Image reconstruction is largely a function of multiplanar reformatting (MPR).  Superimposition is a factor for some images (panoramic radiographs and conventional tomograms); however, the magnification factor must be carefully considered when calculating bone dimensions. 

The common organism implicated in dry socket is:

 # The common organism implicated in dry socket is:

A. Streptococcus

B. Staphylococcus

C. Treponema denticola

D. Pneumococcus

The correct answer is C. Treponema denticola.

A number of bacteria are known to possess fibrinolytic activity. It has been recently postulated

that Treponema denticola may have an etiological role in the genesis of dry socket.

Irregular opaque areas are found on radiographs of lower anterior teeth, the teeth are vital. The cause may be:

 # Irregular opaque areas are found on radiographs of lower anterior teeth, the teeth are vital. The cause may be: 

A. Subgingival calculus 

B. Cementoma

C. Condensing osteitis 

D Chronic apical periodontitis 

The correct answer is A. Subgingival calculus.

Calculus may be seen as small angular radiopaque deposits projecting between interproximal surfaces of the teeth or as radiopaque bands across the roots representing circumferential accumulation as illustrated in the figure.

Ref: White, S.C. and Pharoah, M.J., 2014. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and interpretation. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Head diameter of a 245 bur is:

 # Head diameter of a 245 bur is:

A. 0.1 mm

B. 0.5 mm

C. 0.8 mm

D. 0.9 mm

The correct answer is C. 0.8 mm.

No. 245 bur has a head length of 3 mm and head diameter of 0.8 mm. This is an inverted cone carbide bur used for amalgam cavity preparations. 

Benefits of the bur: 

• For amalgam cavity preparations, the initial punch cut should have a depth of 1.5 mm, so it is half of this bur length, so it is very convenient to use the bur. 

• In class II the proximal ditch cut is established easily with the 0.8 mm diameter bur end cuts 0.5 mm into dentin and 0.3 mm into enamel. 

During countercurrent mechanisms, which of the following area of nephron does filtrate become hypertonic to plasma?

 # During countercurrent mechanisms, which of the following area of nephron does filtrate become hypertonic to plasma?

A. Bowman’s capsule

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

C. Loop of Henle

D. Distal convoluted tubule

The correct answer is C. Loop of Henle.

A circuit of fluid in the loop of Henle—an important part of the kidneys—allows for gradual buildup of the concentration of urine in the kidneys, by using active transport on the exiting nephrons (tubules carrying liquid in the process of gradually concentrating the urea). The active transport pumps need only to overcome a constant and low gradient of concentration, because of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

Piggyback technique in Orthodontics

 Sectional NiTi wires can also be used to align a malpositioned tooth in a piggyback manner where rest of the arch is ligated with a stiff wire. With this arrangement, a light continuous force is exerted to bring the displaced tooth into the alignment while reciprocal force is distributed over the anchor teeth. 

Case done by: Dr. Sushant Pandey, CODS BPKIHS

Piggyback wires offer the potential to combine wires of similar or, more commonly, markedly different physical properties. In relation to space redistribution and alignment, piggybacks typically involve use of flexible round NiTi wires in combination with more rigid base arch wires permitting alignment of displaced teeth limiting the effect of reactive forces in terms of horizontal and vertical anchorage. 

Reference: 

1. Kharbanda, Om. (2013). Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities 2nd ed.. 

2. Fleming, P., Seehra, J., 2019. Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. BDJ Clinician’s Guides.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12165-5

Creating the Perfect Smile: The Art and Science of Dental Clinic Interior Design

 The atmosphere within a dental clinic plays a pivotal role in shaping patients' perceptions and experiences. Dental professionals recognize the importance of creating a welcoming and comfortable environment that goes beyond the clinical aspect of oral care. The interior design of a dental clinic is an art and science that seamlessly combines aesthetics, functionality, and the unique needs of the dental practice. Let's delve into the key considerations that make dental clinic interior designing an essential aspect of the overall patient experience.

1. Balancing Functionality and Aesthetics:

Dental clinics require a careful balance between functionality and aesthetics. The layout should be designed to optimize workflow for dental practitioners while providing a warm and inviting atmosphere for patients. Well-designed reception areas, consultation rooms, and treatment spaces contribute to a positive overall experience.

2. Patient Comfort and Relaxation:

Dental anxiety is a common concern among patients. Interior designers focus on creating spaces that alleviate stress and promote relaxation. Comfortable seating, soothing color schemes, and ambient lighting all contribute to an environment that helps patients feel at ease.

3. Ergonomics for Dental Professionals:

The efficiency of dental practitioners is directly influenced by the ergonomics of the workspace. Interior designers collaborate with dental professionals to ensure that treatment rooms are designed to support optimal working conditions. This includes considerations for equipment placement, lighting, and accessibility.

4. Technology Integration:

Modern dental practices rely on advanced technologies for diagnosis and treatment. The interior design should seamlessly integrate these technologies into the clinic's aesthetic. Concealed wiring, strategically placed outlets, and designated spaces for digital displays contribute to a streamlined and contemporary look.

5. Infection Control and Hygiene:

Maintaining a sterile and hygienic environment is paramount in dental clinics. Interior designers work closely with dental professionals to select materials that are easy to clean and resistant to bacteria. Design choices should facilitate efficient infection control practices without compromising on visual appeal.

6. Branding and Identity:

The interior design of a dental clinic serves as a visual representation of the clinic's brand and identity. Consistent color schemes, logo placement, and branded elements create a cohesive and recognizable image that reinforces the clinic's professionalism.

7. Accessibility and Inclusivity:

Dental clinic interiors should be designed with accessibility and inclusivity in mind. This involves considerations for individuals with mobility challenges and the implementation of universal design principles to ensure that everyone, regardless of physical abilities, can access and navigate the space comfortably.

In conclusion, dental clinic interior designing is a multidimensional endeavor that goes beyond choosing colors and furniture. It involves a thoughtful integration of functionality, patient experience, and the unique needs of the dental practice. A well-designed dental clinic not only fosters a positive environment for patients but also enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of dental professionals. As the field of dentistry evolves, so too does the art and science of dental clinic interior design, creating spaces that truly reflect the commitment to oral health and patient well-being.