Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

 # Palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis is a feature of:  A. Down syndrome B. Papillon Lefevre Syndrome C. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome The correct answer is B. Papillon Lefevre Syndrome. Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome  1. This is characterized by hyperkeratotic skin lesions and severe destruction of the periodontium.  2. These changes may appear before the age of 4 years.  3. Skin lesions are—hyperkeratosis of localized areas on palms, soles, knees, and elbows.  4. Periodontal involvement is early inflammatory changes that lead to bone loss and exfoliation of teeth. Primary teeth are lost by 5 or 6 years of age. The permanent dentition erupts normally but the permanent teeth are lost within a few years. 

 # Ions participating in clotting mechanism are:  A. Iron B. Copper C. Calcium D. Aluminium The correct answer is C. Calcium. In the presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors, factor X activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. This enzyme then converts the plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is an enzyme that, in turn, converts fibrinogen to fibrin which causes the blood to clot.

 # Side effects of Phenytoin do not include:  A. Osteomalacia B. Gum hypertrophy C. Folate deficiency D. Blindness The correct answer is D. Blindness.  Adverse effects:  After prolonged use numerous side effects are produced at therapeutic plasma concentration; others occur as a manifestation of toxicity due to overdose. At therapeutic levels • Gum hypertrophy is common (20% incidence), especially in younger patients. It is due to the overgrowth of gingival collagen fibers. This can be minimized by maintaining oral hygiene. • Hirsutism, coarsening of facial features (troublesome in young girls), acne. • Hypersensitivity reactions are—rashes, DLE, and lymphadenopathy; neutropenia is rare but requires discontinuation of therapy. • Megaloblastic anemia: Phenytoin decreases folate absorption and increases its excretion. • Osteomalacia: Phenytoin interferes with metabolic activation of vit D and with calcium absorption/metabolism. • It can inhibit insulin release and cau...

 # At what temperature is blood stored?  A. -4 degrees B. 4 degrees C. 6 degrees D. 8 degrees The correct answer is B. 4 degrees celsius. With the modern surgical and medical procedures, the demand for blood has greatly increased. It is for this reason that blood banks were started where blood from voluntary donors could be stored, so that it was always available on demand. Most blood banks have lists of would-be donors so that they may be contacted when required. Storage of blood: After a donor has been screened for donation, one unit of blood (450 ml) is collected, under aseptic conditions, from the antecubital vein directly into a special plastic bag containing 63 ml of CPD-A (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine) mixture. The blood bag is suitably sealed, labeled, and stored at 4 degree C, where it can be kept for about 20 days. (Faulty storage, i.e. overheating or freezing can lead to gross infection and hemolysis). The citrate prevents clotting of blood, sodium diphospha...

The mandibular plane used for FMA measurement is : A plane tangent to the lower border of mandible which connects with the menton anteriorly and posteriorly it bisects the distance between the right and left lower borders of the mandible in the region of the gonial angle. See Figure.  The FMA angle is defined as the angle formed by the following two reference planes: i. FH plane (Frankfort horizontal plane—A line between the most superior point of the external auditory meatus and inferior border of the orbit). ii. Mandibular plane (A plane tangent to the lower border of mandible which connects with the menton anteriorly and posteriorly it bisects the distance between the right and left lower borders of the mandible in the region of the gonial angle).  In most cephalometric analyses, the occlusal and mandibular planes are measured relative to the sella-nasion (SN) line, the basion-nasion (BaN) line, or the Frankfort horizontal plane. Ideally, according to Tweed, the incisor man...

 # Gangrene due to known infectious agent is:  A. Wet gangrene B. Dry gangrene C. Pyoderma granulosum D. Fournier gangrene The correct answer is D. Fournier gangrene.  Fournier gangrene, a relatively rare form of necrotizing fasciitis, is a rapidly progressive disease that affects the deep and superficial tissues of the perineal, anal, scrotal, and genital regions. Named after Dr. Alfred Fournier, the French dermatology and venereal specialist, it was initially described in 1883 as necrotizing fasciitis of the external genitalia, perineal, and perianal region in five of Dr. Fournier’s patients. Also known as necrotizing fasciitis, the disease involves the rapid spread of severe inflammatory and infectious processes along fascial planes affecting adjacent soft tissue; therefore, the disease may initially go unnoticed or unrecognized as there may be minimal or no skin manifestations in its early stages. This disease process results from polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic s...

 # Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen is:  A. XDR strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis B. SARS CoV-2 C. Ebola D. Measles The correct answer is C. Ebola. Biological Safety Levels (BSL) are a series of protections relegated to the activities that take place in particular biological labs. They are individual safeguards designed to protect laboratory personnel, as well as the surrounding environment and community. These levels, which are ranked from one to four, are selected based on the agents or organisms that are being researched or worked on in any given laboratory setting. For example, a basic lab setting specializing in the research of nonlethal agents that pose a minimal potential threat to lab workers and the environment are generally considered BSL-1—the lowest biosafety lab level. A specialized research laboratory that deals with potentially deadly infectious agents like Ebola would be designated as BSL-4—the highest and most stringent level. The Centers for Disease Cont...