MCQs in General Pathology - Cardiovascular Pathology

# All of the following are examples in which active hyperemia is seen EXCEPT:
A. Inflammation and high grade fever
B. Blushing of face following emotion
C. Muscular exercise
D. Cardiac congestive failure

# Which of the following is true of heart failure cells?
A. Hemosiderin pigment laden alveolar macrophages present in venous congestion of lungs
B. Also called as Aschoff nodules present in endocardium seen in rheumatic fever
C. Also called as Mallory bodies seen in alcoholic cirrhosis of liver
D. Cells responsible for cardiac failure in congestive cardiac failure

MCQs in General Pathology - Acute and Chronic Infections

# Adenopathy is clinically manifested by:
A. Hyposalivation
B. Swelling
C. High grade fever
D. All of the above

# Lepra cells are seen in abundance in:
A. Tuberculoid leprosy
B. Lepromatous leprosy
C. Histoid leprosy
D. Intermediate leprosy

Psammoma bodies are associated with:

 # Psammoma bodies are associated with:

 A. Metastatic calcification

B. Dystrophic calcification

C. Apoptosis

D. Necrosis

The correct answer is B. Dystrophic calcification.

Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. They are the characteristic feature of papillary carcinomas. 

A young adult shows non fluctuant, tender and red swelling in the marginal gingival lesion. This is most likely to be a:

 # A young adult shows non fluctuant, tender and red swelling in the marginal gingival lesion. This is most likely to be a:

 A. Periodontal abscess

B. Periapical abscess

C. Gingival abscess

D. Periapical sinus

The correct answer is C. Gingival abscess.

Gingival abscess

■ Localized, painful rapidly expanding lesion of sudden onset. 

■ It is limited to marginal gingival or interdental papilla. 

■ It is due to foreign substances carried deep into the tissues such as a toothbrush bristle, a piece of apple core, or a lobster shell. 

■ Gingival abscess involves marginal and interdental gingiva, whereas periodontal abscess involves attached gingiva. 

Palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis is a feature of:

 # Palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis is a feature of:

 A. Down syndrome

B. Papillon Lefevre Syndrome

C. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

D. Klinefelter syndrome

The correct answer is B. Papillon Lefevre Syndrome.

Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome 

1. This is characterized by hyperkeratotic skin lesions and severe destruction of the periodontium. 

2. These changes may appear before the age of 4 years. 

3. Skin lesions are—hyperkeratosis of localized areas on palms, soles, knees, and elbows. 

4. Periodontal involvement is early inflammatory changes that lead to bone loss and exfoliation of teeth. Primary teeth are lost by 5 or 6 years of age. The permanent dentition erupts normally but the permanent teeth are lost within a few years. 

Ions participating in clotting mechanism are:

 # Ions participating in clotting mechanism are:

 A. Iron

B. Copper

C. Calcium

D. Aluminium

The correct answer is C. Calcium.

In the presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors, factor X activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. This enzyme then converts the plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is an enzyme that, in turn, converts fibrinogen to fibrin which causes the blood to clot.

Side effects of Phenytoin do not include:

 # Side effects of Phenytoin do not include:

 A. Osteomalacia

B. Gum hypertrophy

C. Folate deficiency

D. Blindness

The correct answer is D. Blindness. 

Adverse effects:  After prolonged use numerous side effects are produced at therapeutic plasma concentration; others occur as a manifestation of toxicity due to overdose.

At therapeutic levels

• Gum hypertrophy is common (20% incidence), especially in younger patients. It is due to the overgrowth of gingival collagen fibers. This can be minimized by maintaining oral hygiene.

• Hirsutism, coarsening of facial features (troublesome in young girls), acne.

• Hypersensitivity reactions are—rashes, DLE, and lymphadenopathy; neutropenia is rare but requires discontinuation of therapy.

• Megaloblastic anemia: Phenytoin decreases folate absorption and increases its excretion.

• Osteomalacia: Phenytoin interferes with metabolic activation of vit D and with calcium

absorption/metabolism.

• It can inhibit insulin release and cause hyperglycemia.

• Used during pregnancy, phenytoin can produce ‘fetal hydantoin syndrome’ (hypoplastic phalanges, cleft palate, hare lip, microcephaly), which is probably caused by its areneoxide metabolite.

Reference: Essentials of medical pharmacology, KD Tripathi.