Sodium hypochlorite irrigation depends upon:

 # Sodium hypochlorite irrigation depends upon:

1. pH

2. Temperature

3. Volume

4. Concentration

A. 1 and 2

B. 2 and 3

C. 1 and 3

D. 2 and 4

The correct answer is: D. 2 and 4 (Temperature and Concentration)

Explanation:

The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation in endodontics depends significantly on:

1. Temperature: Increasing the temperature of sodium hypochlorite enhances its tissue-dissolving ability and antibacterial efficacy.

2. Concentration: Higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are more effective in tissue dissolution and microbial elimination. However, they can also increase the risk of cytotoxicity and irritation.

While pH and volume affect sodium hypochlorite's properties, they are not the primary factors affecting its irrigation efficacy.

Stain used to diagnose premalignant lesions of lip is:

 # Stain used to diagnose premalignant lesions of lip is:

A. Crystal violet

B. Giemsa

C. H and E

D. Toluidine blue

The correct answer is: D. Toluidine blue

Explanation:

Toluidine blue is a metachromatic dye that stains acidic tissue components and is commonly used to identify premalignant and malignant lesions. It has an affinity for DNA and RNA, highlighting areas of increased nuclear activity, such as dysplastic or malignant cells. This makes it particularly useful in diagnosing premalignant lesions of the lip and oral mucosa.

Cleft lip and palate is associated with all, EXCEPT:

 # Cleft lip and palate is associated with all, EXCEPT:

A. Van der Woude Syndrome

B. Gardner syndrome

C. Treacher Collin Syndrome

D. Pierre Robin Syndrome

The correct answer is:

B. Gardner syndrome

Explanation:

Van der Woude Syndrome:

This is a genetic condition commonly associated with cleft lip and/or palate. It is characterized by lip pits and other oral anomalies.

Gardner syndrome:

This syndrome is primarily associated with intestinal polyps, osteomas, and soft tissue tumors. It does not typically involve cleft lip or palate.

Treacher Collins Syndrome:

This genetic disorder affects craniofacial development and can be associated with cleft palate (though cleft lip is less common).

Pierre Robin Syndrome:

This condition is characterized by mandibular hypoplasia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate. Cleft palate is a hallmark feature of this syndrome.

Which of the following is not a systemic disorder causing delayed eruption of permanent teeth?

 # Which of the following is not a systemic disorder causing delayed eruption of permanent teeth?

A. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia

B. Celiac disease

C. Cerebral palsy

D. Ichthyosis

The answer is A. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia.

Explanation:

Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia:

This is a localized developmental disorder, not a systemic disorder. It affects the maxilla segmentally, often leading to delayed eruption of teeth in that specific area. However, it is not classified as a systemic disorder.

Celiac disease:

This is a systemic condition that can cause nutritional deficiencies (e.g., calcium, vitamin D), leading to delayed dental development and eruption.

Cerebral palsy:

A systemic neurological disorder that can indirectly delay the eruption of permanent teeth due to associated developmental challenges.

Ichthyosis:

Though primarily a skin disorder, certain severe systemic forms might cause delayed eruption due to associated developmental issues.

In falciparum malaria, causes of anemia are due to all EXCEPT:

 # In falciparum malaria, causes of anemia are due to all EXCEPT:

A. Hemolysis

B. Malabsorption

C. Spleen sequestration

D. Bone marrow depression

The correct answer is B. Malabsorption.

In falciparum malaria, the causes of anemia include:

Hemolysis: Destruction of red blood cells.

Spleen sequestration: Trapping of red blood cells in the spleen.

Bone marrow depression: Reduced production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

However, malabsorption is not typically a cause of anemia in falciparum malaria. 

Acute angled cusps in permanent maxillary first molar are:

 # Acute angled cusps in permanent maxillary first molar are:

A. Distobuccal and mesiolingual

B. Mesiobuccal and distolingual

C. Mesiobuccal and distobuccal

D. Mesiolingual and distolingual

The correct answer is B. Mesiobuccal and distolingual.

Explanation:

In the permanent maxillary first molar:

The mesiobuccal and distolingual cusps form acute angles.

The mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps form obtuse angles.

These acute and obtuse angles contribute to the rhomboid-shaped occlusal outline typical of the maxillary first molar.

Most common side effect of long term heavy dose of carbamazepine is:

 # Most common side effect of long term heavy dose of carbamazepine is:

A. Aplastic Anemia

B. Fluid retention

C. Renal toxicity

D. Gingival hyperplasia

The correct answer is: A. Aplastic Anemia.

Explanation:

Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug with several potential side effects. The most common long-term serious side effect associated with heavy doses of carbamazepine is hematological toxicity, including aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis, though these are rare.

A. Aplastic Anemia: Correct. Long-term use of carbamazepine can suppress bone marrow, leading to aplastic anemia.

B. Fluid Retention: While carbamazepine can cause hyponatremia due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), this is not the most common severe long-term side effect.

C. Renal Toxicity: Carbamazepine is not primarily known for causing renal toxicity.

D. Gingival Hyperplasia: This is more commonly associated with drugs like phenytoin, not carbamazepine.