Horner's Syndrome - Mnemonics @ Horny PAMELa

The features of Horner's Syndrome can be memorized using the mnemonic: Horny PAMELa.

P- Ptosis  (Drooping of the upper eyelid)

A- Anhydrosis : Loss of Sweating on affected side of the face

M – Miosis : Constriction of Pupil

E – Enophthalmos : Retraction of the Eyeball

L – Loss of Ciliospinal Reflex, i.e. Pinching the skin on the nape of neck does not produce dilatation of the pupil

Benefits of Keeping Healthy Teeth and Oral Cavity

Most people realize today that teeth are integral part of esthetics and are paramount for an appealing appearance. But, having healthy teeth and oral cavity has more perks for you you might not have thought of. Let's see some of them

1. First thing that shows up whenever you open your mouth
We are social animal and we communicate with each other. Communication is the gateway to build friendships, relationships, business partnerships, and every kind of other interpersonal relationships you can think of. What will be the impact when your first impression is not the best ? Nice white well aligned teeth not only impresses and engages your listener, it will also improve your self confidence and cheerfulness.

2. The organ we use every day, Thousands of times
Not only to enjoy our favourite foods, we use our mouth and tongue to express our feelings via spoken words. But, how will it be when you can only half open your mouth because of the toothache that hurts every time you open up your mouth or even drink water? Every food we eat goes through the mouth, what will be the result if it is a reservoir of ongoing infection? That's the reason dentists urge to get your cavities filled, even the most tiny ones. They will never get healed themselves anyway, however long you delay.

3. Bad Breaths / Halitosis ?? Uggh...
Do you hate someone just because they have extremely bad breath ? We'll I have few friends whom I wish I could avoid. Whether they know or don't know about their problem, I have a problem though. Why would anyone tolerate your bad breath caused due to your negligence ?? You can imagine the detrimental effect of bad breath in your relationship with your partner/spouse. Proper treatment can reduce halitosis to almost undetectable levels in most of the cases.

4. We are what we eat
We can enjoy all sorts of foods if we've got a healthy oral cavity and teeth. Proper nutrition makes you healthier and even increase your life span. You need not chop or cook everything if you have got teeth that enables you to eat raw vegetables and fruits directly.

5. A stitch in time saves nine
Prevention is always better and cheaper than cure. Regular checkups and brushing and flossing twice daily as all you need to do to keep your oral cavity in perfect health. Everything rest will be done by your dentist. When things pile up, they get worse, a tooth that could have been saved with simple restoration two months back may need root canal treatment today. A developing malocclusion in your child's mouth that could have been prevented by some removable appliance for few months may need expensive fixed orthodontic treatment for a prolonged time.

You may add some other benefits you can think of if you have great teeth and oral health. Have a nice day. And, don't forget to brush twice daily. :)

Oral Medicine and Radiology Question Paper - BPKIHS 4th Year BDS, VIII Sem, July 2018

Time - 1 Hour 20 minutes

 Total Marks : 60

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

SECTION - 'A'

Maximum Marks - 30

1.  List all the factors controlling X ray beam and elaborate the factors affecting the beam quantity.  (2+3=5)

2. Enumerate four common imaging modalities for TMJ. Discuss transcranial projection in detail. (2+3=5)

3. Describe different Radiographic presentations of Malignancy.  (5)

4. Enumerate receptors used for digital imaging. Highlight the recent advances in digital imaging. (2+3=5)

5. Describe the pathogenesis of Oral submucous fibrosis with applied aspect in therapy. (3+2=5)

6. List the four methods of assessing Professionalism and Ethics in an individual and highlight any one.
(2+3=5)

SECTION 'B'

MODIFIED ESSAY QUESTIONS

Maximum Marks: 30

I. A 20-year-male complains of swelling in lower front region of the jaw. The swelling is insidious in onset and gradually increasing but asymptomatic. The left submandibular lymph node was palpable 1 cm in size mobile and firm. There was a large swelling in the anterior mandible crossing the midline with displacement of teeth.

Q1. Based on above history and clinical findings, give three differential diagnosis with reasons. (3)
Q2. Enlist two radiograph of choice with reasons. (2)

On radiographic examination there is a multilocular radiolucency within the site stated and histopathological section showed multinucleated giant cell within background of proliferating mesenchymal cells. 
Q3. Enumerate other characteristic radiographic features. (3)
Q4. Mention two laboratory investigations with reasons.  (2)
Q5. State the final diagnosis. (1)
Q6. Outline medical managerment. (4)

II. A fifty-year-old female complains of gum swelling for one year. It was associated with mobility and pus discharge. On taking history she had excessive thirst, hunger and increased urination during sleep. 
Q7. State the systemic disease for the case. (1)

On examination she had decreased saliva and multiple periodontal abscess
Q8. Enumerate the causes of dryness of mouth. (2)
Q9. Describe the association between the periodontal disease and the medical condition. (4)

The extraction is planned as the tooth has poor prognosis.
Q10. Describe laboratory diagnostic criteria for the disease. (3)
Q11. Mention the signs and symptoms of medical emergencies in dental office with its management protocol.
(2+3=5)

III BDS GENERAL MEDICINE Curriculum - (Final after NMC meeting) - TU BDS Syllabus

General Medicine

Allocation of teaching hours

Unit I		Unit II		Total
Theory	Clinical/Practical	Theory	Clinical/Practical
30	45	30	45	150

Unit I

Learning objectives

Students should be able to:

1.     Learn basics of Medicine, its fundamentals and apply it during clinical practice.

2.     Know common infectious diseases, identify their signs and symptoms, their implication in dental surgery and their management.

3.     Identify different Gastrointestinal disorders their signs and symptoms, their impact in dental surgery and their management.

4.     Have knowledge of common cardiovascular diseases that presents in their daily practice, their impact in dental surgery and impact of dental procedures in the cardiovascular diseases. Identification of cardiovascular disease of dental importance and their effective management, counseling and referral to specialist.

5.     Have knowledge of common respiratory diseases their presentation in daily practice, their impact in dental surgery. Identification of respiratory disease of dental importance and their effective management, counseling and referral to specialist.

Unit I

Introduction to Medicine                                                                              1 hr

·       Aims of Medicine

·       Define signs, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

·       Knowledge about history taking, physical examination, diagnosis and management

Infectious Diseases                                                                                        8 hrs

·       Enteric fever    [1hr]

            Introduction, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, complications, diagnosis andmanagement

·       HIV/AIDS         [1hr]

Causative agent, AIDS classification, transmission, clinical features and oral manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

·       Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster     [1hr]

Causative agents, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment

·       Malaria            [1hr]

Introduction, causative agents relevant to region, clinical features, complications, diagnosis and management

·       Viral Hepatitis [1hr]

Causative agents, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment

·       Tuberculosis   [1hr]

Introduction in general and pulmonary tuberculosis, epidemiology, causative agents, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, MDR/XDR and management introducing DOTS

·       Dengue/Chinkungunya           [30mins]

Causative agents, clinical features, transmission, diagnosis and treatment

·       Tetanus           [30mins]

Causative agent, clinical features and management

·       Influenza A, B  (Bird flu and swine flu)           [1hr]

Causative agents, clinical features, transmission, diagnosis and treatment

Gastro Intestinal System                                                                               6 hrs

·       Stomatitis and gingival hyperplasia   [1hr]

Introduction, causes, clinical features and treatment

·       Dysphagia and Acid Peptic Disease    [1hr]

Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment

·       Chronic Hepatitis and cirrhosis of liver          [1hr]

Definition, causes specially focusing on alcoholic cirrhosis, clinical features and stigmata of cirrhosis of liver, diagnosis, complications and management

·       Anasarca and Ascites              [1hr]

Definition, causes, pathophysiology of portal hypertension, diagnosis and treatment

·       Acute Gastroenteritis (Diarrhoea, Dysentry) and Helmenths [1hr]

Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complication and treatment including emergency management

·       Hepatotoxic Drugs      [1hr]

Common hepatotoxic drugs, drugs used in dental procedures, clinical features, diagnosis and management

Cardiovascular System                                                                                   9 hrs

·       Acute Rheumatic fever and Rheumatic heart disease           [2hr]

Introduction, causative agents, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic criteria, complication and management including secondary prophylaxis. Involvement of Mitral valve (MS and MR) and Aortic Valve (AS)

·       Hypertension  [1hr]

Introduction, pathophysiology,stages, causes and management

·       Ischemic heart disease           [1hr]

Introduction to ACS, IHD, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and management

·       Infective endocarditis [1hr]

Causative agents, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, dental implication and prophylaxis and treatment

·       Common Arrhythmias [2hr]

Sinus bradycardia, Sinus tachycardia, Tachy-arrhythmias (AF, VPCs) - Definition, common causes, ECG features, clinical co-relation, treatment

·       Congenital Heart Diseases      [1hr]

Introduction to cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. Brief elaboration of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), their clinical features, diagnosis, dental implications and management

·       Congestive Heart Failure        [1hr]

Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management

Respiratory System                                                                            6 hrs

·       Applied anatomy and physiology of Respiratory system       [1hr]

·       Acute Respiratory Tract Infection/ Pneumonia         [1hr]

Introduction to URTI, LRTI and Pneumonia, etiological agents, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management

·       Obstructive Airway Disease                [2hr]

Introduction to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Bronchial Asthma, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, dental implications and management

·       Pulmonary Embolism [1hr]

Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management.

·       Suppurative Lung, Lung Abscess and Aspiration Pneumonia             [1hr]

Definition, causative agents and dental implications, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment

Unit II

Learning objectives

Students should be able to:

1.     Know common haematological manifestation of dental importance, identify their signs and symptoms, their implication in dental surgery and their management.

2.     Deal with Renal diseases of common importance, their signs and symptoms, their implication in dental surgery and their management.

3.     Understand the dental importance of neurological diseases and acknowledgetheir management.

4.     Understand different nutritional deficiencies and their oral manifestation with treatment.

5.     Know Endocrinological diseases, their clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, dental implications, complications and management.

6.     Identify the emergency conditions and perform some basic emergency life saving procedures at the end of the course.

Unit II

Haematology                                                                                     6 hrs

·       Anemia            [2hr]

            Introduction to anemia, classification and severity of anemia,causes of anemia and clinical features

Briefly describe about Iron deficiency anemia and Megaloblastic anemia, causes, diagnosis and management

·       Bleeding and clotting disorders          [2hr]

            Introduction to BT, CT, PT and different common bleeding and clotting disorders

Briefly describe about ITP, Hemophalias, vWD, clinical features, dental implications, diagnosis and management

·       Oral manifestation of hematological disorders         [1hr]

·       Generalized lymphadenopathy          [1hr]

            Clinical and theoretical approach to generalized lymphadenopathy

Renal System                                                                                      3 hrs

·       Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndrome               [1hr]

            Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management

·       ARF and CRF                [1hr]

            Definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.

·       UTI and Pyelonephritis           [1hr]

            Introduction, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management

Central Nervous System                                                                                            4 hrs

·       Facial Palsy and Cranial Nerves          [1hr]

            Introduction to different cranial nerves focusing on Facial nerve, clinical examination of commonly examined cranial nerves and their disorders and management

·       Epilepsy           [1hr]

            Introduction to seizure, convulsion and epilepsy, classification, provocation factors, clinical features, diagnosis, status epilepticus and management

·       Headache including migraine and Trigeminal neuralgia        [1hr]

            Introduction, types, clinical features and management

·       Meningitis       [1hr]

            Define, types, causative agents, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management

Nutrition                                                                                                                     3 hrs

·       Vitamin Deficiencies   [2hr]

Water soluble and water insoluble vitamins, daily requirements, sources, diseases due to their deficiencies and their dental implication, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment

·       Oral manifestations of nutritional deficiencies          [1hr]

           

Endocrine                                                                                                       7 hrs

·       Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia [3hr]

            Definition, classification, diagnosis, clinical features, acute and chronic complication, management of disease and their complication

·       Thyroid disorders        [2hr]

            Hypothyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management

·       Acromegaly     [1hr]

            Introduction, causes, clinical features and dental implications, diagnosis and management.

·       Calcium Metabolism and Parathyroids          [1hr]

            Calcium Hemostasis and hormones involved in maintaining it, it’s deficiencies and treatment

Critical Care                                                                                                    3 hrs

·       Syncope and Shock     [1hr]

            Definition, classification, clinical identifying features, immediate response during emergency, diagnosis and management

·       Cardiac arrest and Basic Life Support (BLS) training  [1hr]

            Introduction to cardiac arrest and BLS, theoretical and practical aspect of BLS

·       Allergy and Anaphylaxis         [1hr]

            Causes, clinical features, immediate response during emergency, diagnosis and management

Miscellaneous                                                                                                4 hrs

·       Adverse drug reaction and drug interactions [1hr]

            Definition, common drug reactions and interactions and their management

·       Emergency drugs        [1hr]

            Few emergency drugs like Adrenaline, Atropine, Hydrocortisone, Bronchodilators, and Dextrose. Their doses, uses and indications

·       Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants       [1hr]

            Classification of Antithrombotics, Aspirin, Clopidogreland Warfarin uses, mode of action, side effects, dental implications and management of complications

·       Tobacco and Alcohol related disorders          [1hr]

            Oral manifestation of tobacco and alcohol. Other complication of their misuse and their management