T:B lymphocyte ratio in GCF is:

# T:B lymphocyte ratio in GCF is:

A. 1:3

B. 2:1

C. 3:1

D. 1:1

The correct answer is A. 1:3

The ratio of T lymphocytes to B lymphocytes was found to be reversed from the normal ratio of about 3:1 found in peripheral blood to about 1:3 in GCF. 

Ref: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, Page no 216.

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Posterior vibrating line is at the junction of:

#  Posterior vibrating line is at the junction of:

A. Levator palatini and tensor palatini

B. Levator palatini and muscular portion of the soft palate

C. Aponeurosis of levator palatini and muscular portion of the soft palate

D. Aponeurosis of tensor palatini and muscular portion of soft palate

The correct answer is D. Aponeurosis of tensor palatini and muscular portion of soft palate.

Posterior vibrating line It is an imaginary line located at the junction of the soft palate that shows limited movement and the soft palate that shows marked movement. It also represents the junction between the aponeurosis of the tensor veli palatini muscle and the muscular portion of the soft palate. It is recorded by asking the patient to say “ah’ in short but normal nonvigorous fashion. This line is usually straight.

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Guiding planes in cast partial denture:

 # Guiding planes in cast partial denture:

A. Should be perpendicular to the path of insertions

B. They must always face each other

C. Should be prepared always on the proximal surface of the abutment teeth

D. Should be parallel to the path of insertion

The correct answer is D. Should be parallel to the path of insertion.

Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures” -GPT. They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.

Structure

Guide planes are usually 2-3 mm in occlusogingival height parallel to the path of insertion. The guide planes should be flat and contain no undercuts. Guide planes do not occur naturally on the abutment teeth, instead they should be prepared by the clinician during prosthetic mouth preparation. They are prepared by selective grinding of teeth (enameloplasty) or by appropriate shaping of wax patterns, crowns or cast restorations on the abutment teeth.

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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, BDS Final Year, Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 25th Aug 2021 Past Questions

 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

University Examination

August/ September 2021

Level: BDS                                                                         Subject: Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics

Exam: Final BDS (New course)

Time: 2 hrs. 30 minutes                                                                                              Full Marks: 50 marks

Date August 25, 2021

INSTRUCTION TO THE CANDIDATE

• Answer each section in a separate answer book
• Write brief, relevant and legible answers
• Illustrate your answer with well labelled diagrams wherever required.
• All questions are compulsory.

Section ' B' 

[25 marks]

1. Define dentin hypersensitivity. Explain in detail the causes and treatments of dentin hypersensitivity.[1+2+2=5]

2. A 27-years-old female patient reported to the Department of Conservative Dentistry with chief complaint of sensitivity of upper left back tooth. The teeth were free from caries. There was a sharp notch on the cervical region of 24. Further clinical examination revealed abnormal occlusal inter relation between the maxillary and mandibular teeth [1 + 2 + 3 = 6]

- What is the Diagnosis?

- Write the mechanisms of formation of such lesions.

- Write about considerations for restorative management of non-carious lesions.

3 What are the various methods of isolation? Write down the perceived advantages and disadvantages of Rubber dam in isolation. [2 + 3 = 5]

4 Write short notes on: [3*3=9]

a Role of Remaining Dentin thickness in restorative procedures

b. Tertiary dentin

c. Retraction cords

Section " C"

[25 marks]

5. A patient came with serve pain and mobility of his lower first molar since few days. The patient had a history of pain a few years back for which root canal treatment was initiated but discontinued after the first visit. IOPA radiograph shows coronal radiolucency continuous with pulp chamber and periapical radiolucency too. 

A. Classify periapical diseases. [3]

B. What is your periapical diagnosis for above condition? [1]

C. Write the treatment plan.[2]

6. Define and classify tooth luxation. Write in detail about extrusive luxation injuries. [1 + 1 + 3 = 5]

7. Classify obturation techniques. Write in detail about cold lateral compaction technique. Write its limitations.  [1 + 4 + 1 = 5]

8. Write short note on: [3x3 = 9] 

a. Internal Resorption.

b. Goals of access cavity preparation.

c. Root canal working width

THE END

Ethical principle that require health professionals to fully inform their patients and protect their confidentiality

 # Ethical principle that require health professionals to fully inform their patients and protect their confidentiality is the principle of:

A. Justice

B. Autonomy

C. Veracity

D. Beneficence

The correct answer is B. Autonomy. 

The 4 main ethical principles, that is beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, are defined and explained. Informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality spring from the principle of autonomy. 

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Oral hygiene was first practiced by:

 # Oral hygiene was first practiced by:

A. Chinese

B. Estruscans

C. Sumerians

D. Sushruta

The correct answer is C. Sumerians.

Sumerians practiced oral hygiene as early as 3000 B.C. using gold toothpicks. The chinese used chewstick as a tooth pick and toothbrush to clean and massage gingival tissues. 

Charaka Samhita stressed on tooth brushing- the stick for tooth brushing should be bitter, pungent or astringent. One of its end should be chewed in the form of a brush and should be used twice daily without injuring gums. Neem chewsticks are still used today The small wooden stick used by Arabs, the end of which was often chewed, the wood fibers being used as a brush - called Siwak or Miswak.

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The term ‘secular trend’ implies:

 # The term ‘secular trend’ implies:

A. Being liberal minded in diagnosing

B. Cold professional attitude

C. Changes in occurrence over a long period of time

D. Migration from rural areas

The correct answer is C. Changes in occurrence over a long period of time.

Long term or secular trends refers to changes in disease frequency that occurs gradually over long periods of time. Oral cancer is an example of disease which has shown a consistent upward trend during the past years, whereas diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, polio and diphtheria have shown a downward trend. 

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