Orthodontic tooth movement is affected by: PGCEE MDS 2022

 # Orthodontic tooth movement is affected by:

A. Aspirin

B. Tetracycline

C. Metronidazole

D. Fluoride

The correct answer is A. Aspirin.

• Prostaglandin E plays an essential role in the cascade of signals that leads to tooth movement, so the inhibitors of its activity affect tooth movement. Drugs that affect prostaglandin activity fall into two categories: - corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that interfere with prostaglandin synthesis and - other agents that have mixed agonistic and antagonistic effects on various prostaglandins. 

• In the body, prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, which in turn is derived from phospholipids. Corticosteroids reduce prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the formation of arachidonic acid; NSAIDs inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. 

• Most NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, Naprosyn, and many others) are prostaglandin inhibitors. The major exception is acetaminophen (Tylenol), which acts centrally rather than peripherally. 

• This raises the interesting possibility that the medication used by many patients to control pain after orthodontic appointments could interfere with tooth movement. Fortunately, with the low doses and short durations of analgesic therapy in orthodontic patients, this does not occur, but it can become a problem in adults or children being treated for arthritis.

• It has been suggested that acetaminophen (Tylenol) should be a better analgesic for orthodontic patients than aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and similar prostaglandin inhibitors because it acts centrally rather than as a prostaglandin inhibitor. 

Shovel shaped incisor is found in:

 # Shovel shaped incisor is found in:

A. Down’s syndrome

B. Crouzon’s syndrome

C. Pierre Robin syndrome

D. Gardner’s syndrome

The correct answer is B. Crouzon's syndrome. 

Crouzon's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the growth and development of the bones in the skull and face. People with Crouzon's syndrome typically have a distinctive appearance, including bulging eyes, a beaked nose, and a small upper jaw. Shovel-shaped incisors are a common dental anomaly seen in individuals with this syndrome, along with other dental abnormalities.

A 5 year old child presents with chronic bed wetting and bilateral loose first molars. His mother says that he wants to drink water several times during night. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

 # A 5 year old child presents with chronic bed wetting and bilateral loose first molars. His mother says that he wants to drink water several times during night. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Hand Schuller Christian disease

B. Marble bone disease

C. Nieman Pick disease

D. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

The correct answer is A. Hand Schuller Christian disease. 

Based on the given symptoms, the most likely diagnosis is option A, Hand Schuller Christian disease.

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease (HSC) is a rare type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which is characterized by the infiltration and proliferation of Langerhans cells in various tissues of the body. It usually affects children under the age of 5.

The chronic bedwetting and bilateral loose first molars in the child are indicative of bone involvement, which is a common feature of HSC. Additionally, the child's frequent need to drink water during the night may be due to the involvement of the pituitary gland, which can cause diabetes insipidus.

Marble bone disease (option B) and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (option D) are genetic conditions that affect bone development and are not associated with bedwetting or excessive thirst.

Nieman-Pick disease (option C) is a genetic disorder that affects lipid metabolism and is not associated with the symptoms described in the scenario.

The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by : Loksewa Aayog 2079

# The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by :

(A) arbitrary means 

(B) using face-bow 

(C) visual examination 

(D) adjusting the incisal pin 

The correct answer is B. Using face bow.

The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by using a face-bow. A face-bow is a dental instrument that is used to transfer the position of the patient's maxillary arch to the articulator. The face-bow records the position of the maxilla in relation to the patient's hinge axis and transfers it to the articulator. This ensures that the upper model is mounted in the same position in the articulator as it is in the patient's mouth, allowing for accurate and precise restorations.

(A) Arbitrary means, (C) visual examination, and (D) adjusting the incisal pin are not accurate methods for adjusting the position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator.

Kennedy classification is determined by: 2079 Lok sewa aayog

# Kennedy classification is determined by:

(A) the most anterior tooth missing 

(B) the first tooth to be lost  

(C) the largest tooth in the space 

(D) the most posterior tooth missing 

The correct answer is D. the most posterior tooth missing. 

Kennedy classification is determined by the most posterior tooth missing on both sides of the arch. Therefore, the correct option is (D) the most posterior tooth missing.

The Kennedy classification system is used to classify partially edentulous arches (i.e., arches with missing teeth) for the purpose of designing removable partial dentures. The classification is based on the location and extent of the edentulous spaces, and it takes into account the position of the remaining natural teeth and their strategic importance in supporting the prosthesis. The classification has four main categories (Class I, II, III, and IV), each of which is further divided into subcategories based on the specific edentulous spaces present in the arch.

The objective of full mouth rehabilitation is:

# The objective of full mouth rehabilitation is:

(A) to treat periodontal conditions 

(B) to minimize undue destructive stress to the tissues 

(C) to replace lost teeth 

(D) to bring in proper occlusion 

The correct answer is D. To bring in proper occlusion.

The objective of full mouth rehabilitation is to bring in proper occlusion, which means achieving a balanced and stable relationship between the upper and lower teeth and the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Therefore, the correct option is (D) to bring in proper occlusion.

While treating periodontal conditions, minimizing undue destructive stress to the tissues, and replacing lost teeth may be important components of a full mouth rehabilitation plan, the ultimate goal is to achieve proper occlusion.

Which of the cells most commonly found in granuloma? Lok Sewa 2079

 # Which of the cells most commonly found in granuloma? 

(A) Lymphocytes 

(B) Giant cells 

(C) Mast cells 

(D) Neutrophils

The correct answer is B. Giant cells.

The cell most commonly found in granuloma is giant cells. A granuloma is a type of inflammation that occurs in response to chronic infection or inflammation. It is characterized by the accumulation of immune cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells, which are often surrounded by a rim of fibrous tissue. Giant cells are formed by the fusion of macrophages and are a characteristic feature of granulomas. They are often multinucleated and can be identified by their large size and distinctive appearance under the microscope. Lymphocytes are also commonly found in granulomas, but giant cells are the most characteristic cell type. Mast cells and neutrophils are less commonly found in granulomas.