Universal tooth numbering system was given by:

 # Universal tooth numbering system was given by:

A. ADA in 1968

B. WHO adopted

C. Adolph Zsigmondy

D. Palmer

The correct answer is A. ADA in 1968.

The Universal Tooth Numbering System, developed by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1968, is a standardized method used primarily in the United States for identifying and labeling teeth. Here’s a detailed breakdown of its components and significance:

Overview of the System

Numbering Convention:

• The system assigns a unique number to each tooth, starting from the upper right third molar (tooth #1) and moving across the upper arch to the upper left third molar (tooth #16).
• The numbering then continues with the lower left third molar (tooth #17) and goes across the lower arch to the lower right third molar (tooth #32).
• This creates a simple, sequential numbering system that allows for easy identification of each tooth.

Tooth Types:

The system includes all types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

For example, incisors are numbered as follows:

Upper right central incisor: #7

Upper left central incisor: #9

Similarly, for molars:

Upper right first molar: #3

Lower left first molar: #19

Importance of the System

Communication:

The Universal Tooth Numbering System facilitates clear communication among dental professionals. By using a standardized number for each tooth, practitioners can avoid confusion that may arise from differing naming conventions.

Record Keeping:

This system is particularly useful for patient records, treatment planning, and documentation. It allows dentists to efficiently reference specific teeth during consultations, procedures, and follow-ups.

Education:

Dental students and practitioners benefit from learning this system as it is widely used in clinical practice. Mastery of tooth numbering is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Alternatives to the Universal System

While the Universal Tooth Numbering System is prevalent in the U.S., other countries may use different systems, such as:

• FDI World Dental Federation Notation: This system uses a two-digit code where the first digit represents the quadrant and the second digit represents the tooth within that quadrant.
• Palmer Notation: This method employs a symbol to indicate the quadrant and numbers to denote the teeth within that quadrant.

Conclusion

The Universal Tooth Numbering System established by the ADA has become an integral part of dental practice in the U.S. Its simplicity and efficiency help streamline communication and improve the overall quality of dental care.

What is the area of biopsy of an ulcer?

 # What is the area of biopsy of an ulcer?

A. Center of ulcer 

B. Edge of ulcer 

C. Adjacent mucosa 

D. Margins of ulcer

The correct answer is B. Edge of ulcer.

The edge of the ulcer is the preferred site for biopsy because it is most likely to contain a mixture of both the pathological tissue and relatively healthy tissue, making it easier to assess the nature of the lesion. The center of the ulcer may contain necrotic tissue, which can obscure diagnosis, while adjacent mucosa and margins might not provide the necessary diagnostic material.

While the terms "edge" and "margin" may seem similar, in the context of ulcer biopsy, they refer to different areas:

Edge of the ulcer: This refers to the transitional zone where the ulcerated tissue meets the adjacent normal or mildly affected tissue. It contains a mix of pathological changes (inflammation, dysplasia, or neoplastic transformation) and some relatively intact tissue. This makes it ideal for biopsy because it provides a clearer picture of the disease process.

Margin of the ulcer: This term typically refers to the boundary or outer rim of the ulcer where the surrounding tissue is largely unaffected or healthy. A biopsy from the margin might miss the abnormal cellular changes that are occurring in the active disease area.

In summary, the edge includes both ulcerated and transitioning tissue, making it more useful for diagnosis, whereas the margin is often farther out in the healthier tissue, which may not show the necessary pathological changes.

Posterior triangle of neck is subdivided into two parts by which muscle?

 # Posterior triangle of neck is subdivided into two parts by which muscle?

A. Sternocleidomastoid

B. Superior belly of Omohyoid

C. Inferior belly of Omohyoid

D. Pulley of Trapezius

The correct answer is C. Inferior belly of Omohyoid.

The posterior triangle of the neck is divided into two smaller triangles: the occipital triangle and the subclavian (supraclavicular) triangle. This division is created by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Here’s a breakdown of the other options:

A. Sternocleidomastoid: Forms the anterior border of the posterior triangle, but does not subdivide it.

B. Superior belly of Omohyoid: Lies more anteriorly and is not involved in subdividing the posterior triangle.

D. Pulley of Trapezius: The trapezius muscle forms the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle but does not subdivide it.

Which of the following clinical features is not seen in Bell’s palsy?

 # Which of the following clinical features is not seen in Bell’s palsy?

A. Lacrimation

B. Xerostomia

C. Drooling of saliva

D. Sensory loss over affected side

The correct answer is D. Sensory loss over affected side.

Bell’s palsy primarily affects the motor function of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), leading to muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the face. Sensory loss is typically not a feature of Bell’s palsy, as the facial nerve is primarily motor, with only a small contribution to sensory function (taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue). Sensory loss over the face would more likely be associated with trigeminal nerve issues (cranial nerve V).

Here’s a breakdown of the other options:

Lacrimation (A): The facial nerve affects the lacrimal gland, and changes in tearing can occur in Bell's palsy.

Xerostomia (B): The facial nerve also has parasympathetic fibers that innervate salivary glands, so dry mouth (xerostomia) can be a symptom.

Drooling of saliva (C): Muscle weakness can lead to drooling due to poor control of the facial muscles.

Anti caries vaccine is based on which immunoglobulin?

 # Anti caries vaccine is based on which immunoglobulin?

A. IgA

B. IgE

C. IgM

D. IgG

The correct answer is A. IgA.

The major immunoglobulin in saliva is secretory IgA. whereas IgG, which comprises about 80% of the total immunoglobulin in serum, is found only in low level in salivary secretions. The molecular configuration renders the secretory IgA antibody exceptionally resistant to digestion by proteolytic enzymes. Consequently, it can function highly effectively in an oral environment which contains microbial proteases. Salivary IgA plays an important role in the defense of the host against colonization of streptococci by agglutination of the organisms. 

Increased ketone bodies are seen in:

  # Increased ketone bodies are seen in:

1. Uncontrolled diabetes

2. Protein deficiency

3. Well fed state

4. Prolonged starvation

A. 2 and 4

B. 1, 2 and 3

C. 1 and 2

D. 1 and 4

The correct answer is D. 1 and 4.

1. Uncontrolled diabetes: In uncontrolled diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin, leading to increased lipolysis and subsequent production of ketone bodies, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis. 

4. Prolonged starvation: During prolonged starvation, the body depletes its glucose stores and starts breaking down fats, leading to an increase in ketone bodies for energy. 

2. Protein deficiency (Incorrect) 

Protein deficiency does not typically lead to an increase in ketone bodies. 

3. Well-fed state (Incorrect) 

In a well-fed state, the body has sufficient glucose for energy, so ketone body production is minimal. 



A 5 year old child is diagnosed with leukocyte adherence deficiency and is also affected with generalized severe bone loss adjacent to his primary teeth. What is the diagnosis?

 # A 5 year old child is diagnosed with leukocyte adherence deficiency and is also affected with generalized severe bone loss adjacent to his primary teeth. What is the diagnosis?

A. Generalized aggressive periodontitis

B. Generalized chronic periodontitis

C. Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors

D. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease

The correct answer is D. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder that impairs the body's ability to fight infection. This condition is associated with early, severe periodontitis due to the inability of leukocytes (white blood cells) to migrate to infection sites, leading to impaired immune responses and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. The severe bone loss around the primary teeth is a manifestation of this systemic disease. Therefore, the periodontitis is secondary to the systemic condition, which makes D the most appropriate choice.